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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stress |
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges |
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distant stress |
happened in the past, still causes stress, ex. car accident no current impact on immunity |
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chronic stress |
has no end in sight, ex. long term illness clear, negative impact on immunity |
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acute stress |
has a known end, ex. a cold or surgery more susceptible to viral, but not bacterial infections |
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stress response |
the pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources |
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body's reaction to stress |
increased heart rate and blood pressure, increase catecholamine secretion by adrenals, increase respiration, blood pressure, increase respiration, blood is diverted to muscle tissues, decrease digestion, eyes dilate |
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other psychological factors |
hassles and uplifts (small day to day things), hassles have more of an effect than uplifts social connections help because of emotional support keeping a journal can boost your immune system |
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fight/flight
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sympathetic nervous system |
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general adaptation syndrome |
phases one-alarm reaction phase two-resistance phase three exaustion |
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obedience |
a compliance with the request due to the perception that the requestor has a legitimate right to take the request or at least has the appearance of legitimacy |
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conformity |
compliance to rules and laws, ex. traffic laws |
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milgram study |
authoritative shock treatment, order given of a shock to another person given just because they were told to
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milgram obedience |
feeling obligated towards an authoritative person |
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ethical issues with milgram study |
reduced freedom of choice, stress of participants, deception and self knowledge |
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personality |
a unique and relatively stable way in which people think, feel, and behave |
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character |
value judgements made about a persons moral and ethical behavior |
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temperament |
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born |
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id |
the animal instinctual part of your unconscious, we all want food, sleep, and sex |
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ego |
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality mostly conscious, rational, and logical |
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super ego |
moral center, do the right thing |
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two main human drives |
basic biological drives and libido |
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eros |
sexual urges |
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oral stage |
id dominates
zone: mouth have to become independent stuck: clingy and high maintenance |
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anal stage |
ego develops zone: anus physical control stuck: anal retentive (stingy) or repulsive (messy) |
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phallic stage |
super ego develops zone: penis stuck: implications for conscious and gender identity |
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latency stage |
no zone continued progress |
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genital stage |
zone: genitals develop mature sexual intimacy |
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issues with psychodynamic theory |
hard to prove or disapprove unrepresentative sample |
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trait approach/lexical hypothesis |
if a concept is important there is a word for it |
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big five |
neuroticism extraversion openness agreeableness conscientiousness |
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neuroticism |
anxiety, anger, or depression emtionally reactive minor frustrations are seen as difficult ordinary situations are seen as threatening |
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extraversion |
enjoy being with people full of energy often feel positive emotions |
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openness |
curious appreciative of art sensitive to beauty aware of feelings individuals and nonconforming |
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agreeableness |
value getting along with others considerate friendly generous helpful and willing to comprimise believe people are honest |
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conscientiousness |
avoid trouble achieve high levels of success through purposeful planning regarded by others as intelligent and reliable |
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problems with the big five |
trait-situation interaction descriptive but not explanatory does not measure all traits ex. humor, masculinity, femininity, thriftiness |
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stigma |
negative thoughts that come with disorders |
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criteria for being abnormal |
infrequent (statistically rare) deviant (violates social norms) maladaptive (harmful) unjustifiable (no explanation) |
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3 negative consequences (thee Ds) |
distress disfunction danger |
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comorbidity |
most who are diagnosed with one disorder often meet criteria for one or more others |
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pros of DSM |
diagnosis accurate/consistent can help determine type of therapy needed |
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cons of DSM |
unrealistic to pigeon hole categorization carries a price |
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labeling bias |
assume everything is because of disorder |
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Rosenhan study |
sane in insane places normal people check into mental hospital because they "hear voices" then aren't let out because workers think they're crazy |
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mulitaxial |
puts symptoms into biological and social context |
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schizophrenia |
disorders of cognition, social isolation, hallucinations, disturbances of affect positive symptoms present, negative symptoms absent subtypes: paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated biological predisposition + psychological social stress that triggers |
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anxiety disorders |
umbrella term for many disorders |
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phobia |
persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation classical conditioning can explain phobias (ex. little albert) |
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unipolar |
low mood, no manic episode |
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bipolar |
at least one manic episode |
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major depressive disorder |
lifetime incidence: 20% female, 12% male 50% suicide |
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diathesis-stress model |
genetic predisposition= diathesis stress= emotional stress if you have both you're more likely to have it |
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trephining |
drilling a hole in a skull to release demons affective because of cognitive dissonance, regression of mean, and placebo effect |
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history of therapies |
trephining to asylums to pathology model |
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pathology model- two underlying causes |
somatogenic- biological/organic psycholgenic- psychological |
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2 types of therapies |
1. based primarily in psychological theory and techniques 2. uses medical intervention to bring symptoms under control |
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empirical validation |
deny the claim psychotherapy doesn't work conduct experiments therapy has some evidence to suggest that it works better than another therapy or better than doing nothing |
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schizophrenia treatment |
medical intervention to reduce dopamine levels |
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phobias treatment |
behavioral therapies and exposure therapies systematic desensitization (relaxation techniques and gradual exposure) and flooding (patient in feared situation all at once) |
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depression treatment |
drug therapy, psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy |
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psychotherapies |
psychodynamics- based on work of fraud, primary focus on unconscious mind behavioral and social cognitive views- focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior; based on the theories of learning humanistic- focuses on conscious life experiences and choices trait- focuses on characteristics themselves not roots of personality |
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psychology |
the science of behavior and mental processes
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2 roots of psychology
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nurture vs nature combination of nature (biological) and nurture (mothers care that helps us grow) |
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independent variable |
experimenter manipulates |
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dependent variable |
variable that researchers feel will be affected by the variable |
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control variables |
the group/variable for which one level of the IV involves and absences of variable of interest |
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correlation |
correlation= causation |
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anatomy of a neuron |
dendrites little legs on top of cell body |
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nucleus
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small circle inside of cell body
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cell body |
main part of neuron |
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axon helix |
base of cell body |
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axon |
long neural part |
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collateral branches |
branches off from axon helix |
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terminal buttons |
tiny branches off |
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action potential |
calcium rushing in potassium rushing out |
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homeostasis |
the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant |
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positive reinforcement |
giving someone a reward for doing a good job |
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negative reinforcement |
taking away something because you did the right thing, like when your car stops beeping because you buckled your seat belt |
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negative punishment |
taking something away to make an event less likley to occur;ex. pressing a bar to ease the pain |
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sensation |
getting sensory information from the outside enviroment |
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perception |
mental organization and interpretation of sensory information |
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long-term memory capacity |
limitless |
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short-term memory capacity |
four items or less |
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sensory memory capacity |
one-third of a second |
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sensory duration |
snapshots and frames |
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short-term memory duration |
seven items plus or minus two |
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long-term memory duration |
limitless |
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cephalocaudal |
head to tail lower part of body grows later than head |
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proximodistal |
near to far extremities grow later than head, chest,and trunk |
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attachment theory |
babies want comfort of their mother more than they need their biological urges |
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cognitive dissonance |
when one's behavior and their moral beliefs don't match; they make a change to one or the other to make them match inside their heads |
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bystander effect |
the amount of people standing by during a crime determines if anythings going to be done about it. Unless a responsibility is placed on someone directly then no one will get help. |
