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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Shaping |
Technique in which the desired behavior is molded by first rewarding ant act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
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Response chain |
Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
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Aversive control |
Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
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Negative reinforcement |
Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
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Escape conditioning |
Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
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Avoidance conditioning |
Training of an organism to withdraw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts |
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Social learning |
Process of altering Behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
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Cognitive learning |
Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
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Cognitive map |
A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
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Latent learning |
Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate observable change in Behavior |
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Learned helplessness |
Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
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Modeling |
Learning by imitating others copying Behavior |
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Behavior modification |
Systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings |
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Token economy |
Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued Rewards |
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Memory |
The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced |
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Encoding |
The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it |
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Storage |
The process by which information is maintained over a period of time |
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Retrieval |
The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory |
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Sensory memory |
Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor |
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Short-term memory |
Memory that is limited and capacity to about 7 items and in duration by the subjects active rehearsal |
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Maintenance rehearsal |
A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it |
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Chunking |
The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember |
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Semantic memory |
Knowledge of language including its rules words and meanings |
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Episodic memory |
Memory of one's life including time of occurrence |
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Declarative memory |
Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed |
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Procedural memory |
Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection |
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Recognition |
Memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object idea or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before |
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Recall |
Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material |
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Reconstructive processes |
The alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified and ridged or distorted depending on an individual's experiences attitudes or inferences |
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Confabulation |
The act of filling in memory gaps |
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Schemas |
Conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world |
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Eidetic memory |
The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure |
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Decay |
Fading away of memory over time |
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Interference |
Blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories |
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Elaborative rehearsal |
The linking of new information to material that is already known |
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Mnemonic device |
Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information |
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Thinking |
Changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create new information |
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Image |
A visual mental representation of an event or object |
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Symbol |
An abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality |
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Concept |
A label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common |
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Prototype |
A representative example of a concept |
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Rule |
A statement of relation between Concepts |
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Metacognition |
The awareness of One's Own cognitive process |
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Algorithm |
A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem |
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Heuristic |
A rule of thumb problem solving strategy |
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Mental set |
The habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving |
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Functional fixedness |
The inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects |
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Creativity |
The capacity to use information and/or abilities in a new and original way |
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Flexibility |
The ability to overcome rigidity |
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Recombination |
Rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution |
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Insight |
The apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem |
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Language |
The expression of ideas through symbols and sounds that are arranged according to rules |
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Phoneme |
An individual sound that is a basic structural element of language |
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Morpheme |
The smallest unit of meaning in a given language |
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Syntax |
Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences |
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Semantics |
The study of meaning in language |
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Reliability |
The ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions |
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Validity |
The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure |
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Percentile system |
Ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score |
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Norms |
Standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large well-defined groups of people |
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Intelligence |
The ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and to adapt to new situations |
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Two-factor Theory |
Purposes that two factors contribute to an individual's intelligence |
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Triarchic Theory |
Proposes that intelligence can be divided into three ways of processing information |
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Emotional intelligence |
Includes four major aspects of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences |
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Intelligence quotient |
Standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average |
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Heritability |
The degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors |
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Cultural bias |
An aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording use in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group then to another group |
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Aptitude test |
Estimate the probability that a person will be successful and learning a specific new skill |
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Achievement test |
Measure of how much a person has learned in a given subject or area |
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Interest inventory |
Measures a person's preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success |
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Personality test |
Assessing an individual's characteristics and identifies problems |
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Objective test |
A limited or forced choice test in which a person must select one of several answers |
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Projective test |
An unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely giving his for her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli |
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Anxiety |
A very generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger |
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Phobia |
An intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation |
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Panic disorder |
An extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks |
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Post-traumatic stress disorder |
Disorder in which victims of traumatic events experienced the original event in the form of Dreams or flashbacks |
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Somatoform disorder |
Physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause |
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Conversion disorder |
Changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary bodily functions |
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Disassociative disorder |
A disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory Identity or consciousness |
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Disassociative amnesia |
The inability to recall important personal events or information is usually associated with stressful events |
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Dissociative fugue |
A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past |
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Dissociative identity disorder |
A person exhibits two or more personality States each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving |
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Schizophrenia |
A group of disorders characterized by confusion and disconnected thoughts emotions and perceptions |
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Delusions |
False beliefs about a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence |
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Hallucinations |
Perceptions that have no direct external cause |
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major depressive disorder |
Severe form of Lauren mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities |
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Bipolar disorder |
Disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania and depression |
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Personality disorders |
Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one's environment |
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Antisocial personality |
A personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility shallow emotions and lack of conscience |
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Psychological dependence |
Use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it |
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Addiction |
A pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug |
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Tolerance |
Physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect |
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Withdraw |
The symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted |
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Psychotherapy |
Any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems |
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Eclectic approach |
Method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of Therapies |
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Placebo effect |
The influence of a patient's hopes and expectations have on his or her Improvement during therapy |
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Empathy |
Capacity for warmth and understanding |
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Group therapy |
Patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems |
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Psychoanalysis |
Therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior |
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Insight |
The apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem |
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Free association |
A method used to examine the unconscious |
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Resistance |
The reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine long-standing Behavior patterns |
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Dream analysis |
A technique used by psychoanalyst to interpret the content of patients dreams |
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Transference |
The process experienced by the patient of feeling toward an analyst or therapist the way he or she feels or felt toward some other important figure in his or her life |
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Humanistic therapy |
Focuses on the value dignity and worth of each person |
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Client centered therapy |
Reflects the belief that the client and therapist are Partners in therapy |
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Non-directive therapy |
The free flow of images and ideas with no particular direction |
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Active listening |
Empathetic listening a listener and knowledge is free states and clarifies the speaker's thoughts and concerns |
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Unconditional positive regard |
A therapist consistent expression of acceptance of the patient no matter what the patient says and does |
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Behavior modification |
A systematic method of changing the way a person acts and feels |
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Cognitive therapy |
Using thoughts to control emotions and behaviors |
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Rational emotive therapy |
A form of psychological help and at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people |
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Behavior therapy |
Changing undesirable Behavior through conditioning techniques |
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Systematic desensitization |
A technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties |
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aversive conditioning |
Wings and unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior in an attempt to eliminate the behavior |
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Contingency meaning |
Undesirable behavior is not reinforced while desirable behavior is reinforced |
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Cognitive behavior therapy |
Based on a combination of substituting healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and beliefs and changing disruptive behavior in favor of healthy Behavior |
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Drug therapy |
Biological therapy that uses medications |
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Antipsychotic drugs |
Medication to reduce agitation delusions and hallucinations by blocking the activity of dopamine in the brain |
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Antidepressants |
Medication to treat major depression by increasing the amount of one or both of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and serotonin |
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Lithium carbonate |
A chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder |
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Anxiety drugs |
Medication that relieves anxiety and panic disorders by depressing the activity of the central nervous system |
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Electroconvulsive therapy |
An electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance |
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Psycho-surgery |
A medical operation that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer and Freer of symptoms |
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Prefrontal lobotomy |
A radical form of psychosurgery in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is destroyed |