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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Motivation?
What does it refer to? Functional analytic methods? |
Processes that initiate, select, and maintain behavior - The driving force behind behavior which leads us to pursure some things and avoid others - The purpose for of psychological cause of an action. A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
The "why" of behavior Purpose for or cause of behavior |
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Motivational Theorists
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Arthur Schopenhauer - Speculator on relationship between motivation and behavior. To be motivated is to be moved into action
Maslow - believed should study positive traits rather than psychological disorders. Concept of Self-Actualizers, and peak experiences. Little support for him Hull - Drive Reduction theorist Alderfer - refined and applied aspects of Maslow's model to motivation at work. ERG theory Sigmund Freud - emphazied biological basis of motivation, and unconscious drives motivate us, such as the sexual drive, and aggressive drive |
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What are the two components of Motivation?
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Goals - what we want to do
Intensity - how "strongly" we want to do it |
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What are the 3 processes of Motivation?
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Activation/ Initiation of behavior
Selection/Drive toward Maintenance/Sustenance |
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Atkinson & McClenand on what is a motive and incentive
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Motive - internal inclination, bio needs, psych needs
Incentive - external stimulus, anticipated reward, money or fame |
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Sources of Motivation
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Intrinsic - inherent in the activity being performed, for person's own sake
Extrinsic - external source, such as money, good grades, or approval of others |
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Lack of Motivation
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Hallmark for depression, schizophrenia
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Motivational Studies and conclusions
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Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic enjoyment
Leper et al - kids who rewarded for drawing spent less time drawing on fu. occ. comp. 2 kids who hadn't Ryan & Deci - students work from intrinsic motivation they learn more better than those who aren't/ extrinsically |
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Motivational Factors & Treating Noncompliance
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R = HxD: Response = Habit Strenght(Ability) x Drive(Motivation)
Must also inquire expecations/confidence and environment |
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Self Actualizers
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perceive reality accurately
highly independent and creative spontaneous and natural around others work as career peak experiences |
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Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow's basically pyramid of needs, on the bottom being basic survival needs, and at the top self-actualization needs
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Worker's Concerns
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material - pay, fringe benifits, physical conditions
relationships - peers and supervisors opportunities - learning and using their skill on job |
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ERG Theory
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condensation of Maslow's hierarchy to 3 levels of need:
existence, relatedness, and growth |
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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emphasizes the biological basis of motivation. by S.F.
UNCONSCIOUS |
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What is a Drive?
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internal tension states that build up until they are satisfied
S.F.'s 2 - sex and aggression show themselves in subtle ways, such as sarcasm or violent movies |
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Thematic Apperception test
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pictures used to study unconscious motives/needs
high relationship answers = higher marital intimacy high acheivement answers = success in business |
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Behaviorist Perspective on Motivation
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Reinforcement/Punishment
to receive rewards by environment or to avoid punishment Drive reduction theory - to reduce a drive/unpleasant drive that result from physiological needs to maintain homeostasis Has much trouble explaining some things, like bungee jumping or staying up to read a novel or inability to refuse dessert even though stuff af |
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Cognitive Perspective on Motivation
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expectancy - value theories - motivation is a combo of value placed and attainability
success/failure expect. self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Arousal Theory
Stereotypic Behavior Self-injurios behavior Stimulus Motives Yerkes - Dodson Law |
motivation to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental stimulation
personal "ticks" one does to adjust arousal, but can be amplified to a self harming habit motives that cause us to increase stimulation when a is too low, such as curiosity and the motive to explore Performance on a test is best when arousal level is optimal for difficulty of task. Complexity and arousal have inverse correlation |
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Hunger
external cues Stanley Schachter Research |
stimulated by the V hypothalamus (fullness) and L hyp (feeding center)
primary drive external cues can stimulate hunger, such as smell, sight of food, hands on clock, seeing others eat S.S. Research - obese people eat cookies and ice cream according to time and taste (external), skinny people eat according to internal |
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Obesity and Causes
Mason Research |
chronic medical condition characterized by excessive body fat
17% of kids fit obesity stigma: rejection, low S.E., poor body image Likeability amongst children is lower than children with other physical handicaps .5-.9 heritability of bodyweight Social Learning Theory - monkey see, monkey do M. R. : obese dogs have obese owners, vice versa |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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emotionally induced severe fear of being fat or gaining weight
symptoms: doesnt maintain min body wieght (85%) denial and emphasis asmynorrhea (no menstruation) cracking skin fine soft hair on face and neck brittle fingernails yellowish skin increased heart rate - fatal, constriction of blood vessels constipation reduced body temperature |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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chronic disorder characterized by repeated and uncontrolled eps of binge eating and weight control by self induced vomiting, laxatives, excessive excercise
1x a week |
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Emotion
Canon-Bard Theory James Lange Schacter-Singer Theory Lazarus Theory |
pos or neg feeling, physiological arousal, subjective cognitive praisal, behavior expression
emotion and arousal at tame time phys. arousal comes first, then fear 2 factor emotion = arousal d.by cognitive interp. cog appraisal is 1st step in emo response amygdala controls emotions and gets info from senses which the cortex interprets |
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Stress
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a challenge or threat to one's ability to deal w/ an event
fight or flight stressor - something which causes stress over time, the culmination of stress can cause vulnerability to immune system. Heart disease, cancer |
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Stress Research and conclusions
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Fi or Fl Response by Walter Canon - sympathetic nervous system and endocrine glands prepare. If constant, bodily break down will occur
Tend and Befriend by Taylor, lewis, Grenewad - women tend to kids and befriend people to talk about problems |
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Psychological Stress and Research and Uplifts
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negative life events
adverse social conditions daily hassles better predictors of psychological distress than large life events research concludes that talking about stressful experiences reduces stress |
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Test anxiety
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lowers scores
alters memory and thinking and concentration |
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S T A R in managing stress
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Specific Time-limit Attainable Reinforcment when managing stress
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Exercise
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reduces body fat
enhances immune response reduces risk for cardiovascular disease reduces chance of cancer reduces depression, anxiety, and prevents relapse and panic attacks increase blood circulation to brain children who exercise get better grades reduces cognitive decline recommends 30 minutes of moderate physical activity several times a week |
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Smoking
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damage
second hand smoke and SIDS |
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Alcohol
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classified as CNS depressant
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Personality
personality traits |
characteristic pattern of behaving, thinking, and feeling
building blocks of personality |
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Phrenology and Franz Gall 19th cent
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personality could be determined by measuring bumps on skull
nothing to do with personality |
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Personality Disorders
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traits have become rigid and maladaptive. present since adolescence/early adulthood and affects many areas of work and life, can impair functioning and cause personal distress
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Psychoanalysis
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Freuds term for theory of personality and therapy for treating psychological disorders
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Levels of Awareness
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Conscious - sensory
Preconscious short term mem Unconscious - primary motivatign for of our behavior |
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Structure of Personality
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Id - bratty, childlike, demanding part of you. born this way, entirely unconscious
Ego - the satiating, reasonable part of you Super Ego - the goody two shoes, guilty part of you. 3-5 years of age emergence and reflects parental influence |
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Defense Mechanisms
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ego uses these to prevent being overwhelmed by anxiety, distorts reality, and oversude can adversely affect mental health
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Repression
Projection Denial Rationalization Regression Reaction formation Displacement Sublimation |
removes problem
pushes problem onto another/blame denies/ignores problem red herring the problem depletes in face of problem tries to conversely mask problem displaces reaction to problem rewiring energy from problem |
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Psychosexual Stages
Erogenous Zone Fixation |
foundation of adult personality is formed by age five or six
each stage centers on a body part provdices pleasurable sensations around which a conflict arises failure to move forward from one stage to another excessive or unsufficicent gratification |
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Oral Stage of Development (0-1)
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weaning - center of pleasure is mouth
oral fixation - overeat, smoke, drink, bite nails, chew on objects, talk, mistrusful, insecure, anxious, dependent deprived and overindulged |
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Anal Stage of Development (1-3)
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toilet training - center of pleasure is anal area
fixation - anal retentive personality: stubborn, rigid, neat, compulsive, stingy anal expulsive personality - messy, generous, dirty, tardy, disorderly, destructive, cruel |
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Phallic Stages of Development (3-5)
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center of pleasure is genital area
oedipal complex - boy mom, boy fears dad, repression, identifies with dad electra complex - girl version of oedipal, penis envy, inferiority |
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Latency Stage of Development (5-12)
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only remembers innocence of childhood
desires are repressed internaliz values of same sex parent gratification from exploring, learning, developing, skills, and peers |
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Genital Stage (adol to adul)
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adult sexuality and attraction to opp sex
ability to love and work psychological health |
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Humanistic Theories
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people are essentially good and have free will and ability to change for better
self-actualization is the basic motivational force positive regard conditions of worth - self concept is congruent w/ t.s. then self acualization if s.c. is not congruent with t. s. then personality problems, anxiety, depression, psychosis |
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Necessary and sufficient conditions for a counsling relationship
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genuine
unconditional positive regard for client emphatic understanding of clients internal frame of reference |
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5 factor theory
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extensive facot analyses of personality descriptors have shown five core dimensions at most lfie stages
measured by neo personality inventory, traits of OCEAN, openness, agreeableness, conscientousness, neuroticism, and extraversion long studies, remarkable stability throughout adulthood by age 30 |
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Personality Disorders
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Borderline Persoanality Disorder
Antisocial |
