Psych Exam 3

Front 1

Subregions of the _____ are active when you are learning different types of information.

Back 1

hippocampus

Front 2

Memories can often be triggered by an associated environmental stimulus. This process is called _____.

Back 2

Priming

Front 3

Procedural memory requires activation of the ______.

Back 3

Basal Ganglia

Front 4

The primacy effect predicts that you will remember items from the ____ of a list the best.

Back 4

Beginning

Front 5

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as:

Back 5

State-dependent Learning

Front 6

Priming can affect which aspects(s) of our functioning?

Back 6

Emotional and Cognitive

Front 7

Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?

1) One recalls the name of a high-school colleague while looking at his yearbook snapshot.

2) One suddenly remembers to buy bread while standing in the grocery store checkout line.

3) One remembers to make an important phone call.

4) One remembers exactly what one was doing when one heard about the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001.

Back 7

4) One remembers exactly what one was doing when one heard about the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001.

Front 8

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be:

Back 8

Retrieval cues

Front 9

Procedural memory involves _____.

Back 9

Motor movement

Front 10

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of:

Back 10

priming

Front 11

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Back 11

long-term potentiation

Front 12

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

Back 12

Serotonin

Front 13

Our environment often influences us by activating our principles through priming. This process is ____.

Back 13

unconscious

Front 14

The prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing believed to be the basis for learning and memory is called _____.

Back 14

long-term potentiation

Front 15

Many US citizens can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates...

Back 15

Flashbulb memory

Front 16

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the...

Back 16

serial position effect

Front 17

Our strongest retrieval cues are often associated ______ information.

Back 17

Sensory

Front 18

Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the:

Back 18

Hippocampus

Front 19

Children who are afraid of thunderstorms have created a _______ memory.

Back 19

classically conditioned

Front 20

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:

Back 20

the context in which learning occurred

Front 21

Lara is trying to remember events from her life at 18 months of age. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely caused by the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

Back 21

hippocampus

Front 22

He said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing."

Back 22

William James

Front 23

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

Back 23

The misinformation effect

Front 24

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called:

Back 24

repression

Front 25

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve:

Back 25

Memory construction

Front 26

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates:

Back 26

repression

Front 27

The more an eyewitness is asked to recall the criminal event in question prior to the trial, the more likely that the eyewitness will ____.

Back 27

be certain but identify the wrong perpetrator

Front 28

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced best illustrates _____.

Back 28

source amnesia

Front 29

The fact that our confidence in the validity of a particular memory is unrelated to the accuracy of that memory is due to _____.

Back 29

source amnesia

Front 30

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid _____, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is go directly to sleep.

Back 30

retroactive interference

Front 31

This occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas.

Back 31

Imagination inflation

Front 32

Research on anterograde amnesia has demonstrated that memories of facts and skills are consolidated by _______ structures in the brain.

Back 32

different

Front 33

Memory researcher ____ has conducted many studies showing how people construct false memories.

Back 33

Elizabeth Loftus

Front 34

If a teacher asks a class to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely caused by:

Back 34

encoding failure

Front 35

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory best illustrates _____.

Back 35

Motivated forgetting

Front 36

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

Back 36

recognition

Front 37

Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what he has learned he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information. Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

Back 37

retrieval

Front 38

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells of a remembered baseball game best illustrates

Back 38

parallel processing

Front 39

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

Back 39

long term\working

Front 40

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, the hypothetical central executive engages in

Back 40

focusing attention

Front 41

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

Back 41

the spacing effect

Front 42

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of

Back 42

semantic coding/deep processing

Front 43

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories

Back 43

were not in one spot

Front 44

Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed.

Back 44

hippocampus

Front 45

vJoshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

Back 45

flashbulb

Front 46

When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful

Back 46

retrieval cues

Front 47

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of

Back 47

priming

Front 48

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

Back 48

state dependent memory

Front 49

After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories. Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Back 49

anterograde amnesia

Front 50

The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is mostly likely due to a failure in

Back 50

encoding

Front 51

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

Back 51

retrieval

Front 52

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

Back 52

motivated forgetting

Front 53

Children reported false memories of taking a hot air balloon ride after viewing digitally altered photos of themselves and other family members involved in such an event. the children's reports before illustrated

Back 53

imagination inflation

Front 54

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

Back 54

source amnesia

Front 55

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize

Back 55

interference

Front 56

Professor Jenkins believes that intelligence cannot be measured by a single intelligence score. Rather, intelligence should be derived from seven clusters of primary mental abilities. Professor Jenkins' view of intelligence most closely resemble that of

Front 57

Satoshi Kanazawa claims that people's scores on the general intelligence factor are most highly correlated with their ability to solve ________ problems.

Back 57

novel

Front 58

Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra has an intellectual disability and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is

Back 58

someone with savant syndrome

Front 59

_______________ refers to our ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use our emotions.

Back 59

emotional intellagence

Front 60

Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as:

Back 60

savant syndrome

Front 61

Professor Ramon writes books pertaining to the history and philosophy of science. He is concerned about the impact of modern technology on human interactions and human existence. According to Howard Gardner, Professor Ramon is demonstrating:

Back 61

existnetial intellegance

Front 62

When Robby becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight best illustrates an inadequate level of:

Back 62

emotional intellegence

Front 63

Janice is very skilled at being able to detect tension and possible conflict in her third grade classroom. Thus, she can successfully intervene and prevent the tension escalating into conflict. Janice is demonstrating a high level of:

Front 64

One component of emotional intelligence involves:

Front 65

Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.

Back 65

future performance; current competence

Front 66

When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a math achievement test, he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. Brandon's concern was directly related to the issue of

Back 66

Standardization

Front 67

A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity.

Back 67

high low

Front 68

Why does the predictive validity of general aptitude tests decrease as the educational experience of the students who take them increases?

Back 68

There is a relatively narrow range of aptitude test scores among students at higher educational levels.

Front 69

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

Back 69

situational influences; personal dispositions

Front 70

We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.

Back 70

situational constraints; personality traits

Front 71

Darcy is in the market to buy a new car. The salesperson shows her the features of each car she is considering, explaining the pros and cons of purchasing each. The salesperson's strategy illustrates

Back 71

central route persuasion

Front 72

Jackson agreed to Stanley's suggestion that they shoplift some video games. Later in the week, Jackson agreed to go along with Stanley's suggestion to steal a neighbor's expensive racing bike. Reflecting on what he had done, Jackson was surprised by his willingness to comply with Stanley's request. Jackson's experience illustrates

Back 72

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Front 73

Before Sonya left for college, she told her friend Lacy that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. During Sonya's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her to pledge. After Sonya attended the party, she told Lacy, “Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations.” Sonya's change in attitude illustrates

Back 73

cognitive dissonance theory

Front 74

Chan decides to make a positive change in his life. Instead of going to work with a frown on his face, he will force himself to smile when he walks into work. According to ________, by altering his behavior Chan is likely to change his negative attitude about work.

Back 74

the attitudes-follow-behavior principle

Front 75

Julius begins to yawn while he and his girlfriend are studying together. Soon his girlfriend and even his dog begin to yawn. This best illustrates

Front 76

Marta is known for her sense of humor and joke telling. Even though her friends are down about their football team losing a game, as soon as Marta enters the room everyone begins to smile. This best illustrates

Back 76

mood contagion

Front 77

Frank avoids talking with food in his mouth because he knows others think it is socially inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of

Back 77

social norms

Front 78

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

Back 78

normative social influences

Front 79

Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers given by a confederate of the researcher. How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?

Back 79

She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.

Front 80

Jada and Ty are concerned that their 15-year-old daughter, Tonya, has friends who may encourage her to violate their rules. They tell Tonya that she cannot hang out with these friends, so she begins sneaking out of the house at night to be with them. Tonya's response to her parent's rules illustrates

Front 81

The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented on the rape victim's history of going out to various bars and they said she had been dressed too provocatively; in other words, “looking like that,” she had asked to be assaulted. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the:

Back 81

just-world phenominon

Front 82

Discrimination is a negative ___________, whereas prejudice is a negative ___________.

Front 83

Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. This example is an illustration of:

Back 83

ingroup bias

Front 84

Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most:

Back 84

Chinese people all look alike

Front 85

Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:

Back 85

vivid cases

Front 86

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):

Back 86

learned responses

Front 87

Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim.

Back 87

more; less