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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personality
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A person’s internally based characteristic way of acting and thinking.
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Conscious Mind
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Freud’s term for what you are presently aware of.
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Preconscious Mind
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Freud’s term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access.
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Unconscious Mind
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Freud’s term of the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of.
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Id
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The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.
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Pleasure Principle
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The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences.
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Ego
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The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id’s instinctual drive.
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Reality Principle
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The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality.
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Superego
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The part of the personality that represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior.
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Defense Mechanism
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A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.
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Erogeneous zone
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The area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.
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Fixation
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Some of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive gratification or frustration of instinctual needs.
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Oral Stage of Psychosexual development
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The first stage of Freud’s theory ( birth to 18 months), in which the erogeneous zones are the mouth, lips, tongue, and the child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking biting and chewing.
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Anal Stage of Psychosexual development
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The second stage of Freud’s theory( 18 months to 3 years), in which the erogenous zone is the anus, and the child derives pleasure from the stimulation of the anal region through having and withholding bowel movements.
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Phallic Stage of Psychosexual development
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The third stage in Freud’s theory (3 to 6), in which the erogeneous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure from genital stimulation.
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Oedipus Conflict
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A phallic stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and dears his father will find out and castrate him.
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Identification
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The process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parents and learn their gender role and sense of mortality.
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Latency Stage of psychosexual development
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The fourth stage in Freud’s theory(from 6 to puberty) in which there is no erogeneous zone, sexual feelings are repressed, and the focus is on cognitive and social development.
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Genital Stage of Psychosexual development
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The fifth stage in Freud’s theory (from puberty through adulthood) in which the erogenous zone is at the genitals and the child develops sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult sexual relationships.
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Hierachy of needs
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The motivational component in Maslow’s theory of personality in which our innate needs motivate our behavior are hierarchically arranged in a pyramid shape. (From top to bottom, physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization)
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Self-Actualization
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The fullest realization of a person’s potential.
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Conditions of Worth
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The behaviors and attitudes for which other people starting with our parents will give us positive regard.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others.
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Self-system
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The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates and regulates her behavior.
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Self-efficacy
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A judgment of one’s effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.
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External locus of control
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The perception that chance or external forces beyond you r personal control determine your fate.
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Internal Locus of Control
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The perception that you control your own fate.
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Learned Helplessness
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A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to present aversive events.
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Attribution
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The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others.
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Self-serving Bias
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The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. (If outcome is positive we take credit for it)
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traits
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The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person.
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Personality inventory
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An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to her or not.
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Projective Test
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A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perceptions of the stimuli.
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how we influence one another’s behavior.
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Conformity
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A change in behavior, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
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Informational social influence
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Influence stemming from the need for information in situations in which the correct action or judgment is uncertain.
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Normative Social Influence
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– Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others.
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Compliance
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Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group.
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. (People were more likely to donate to cancer after wearing a pin publicizing it than those who didn’t.)
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Door-in-the-face technique
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Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable smaller request (Friend asks you to watch dog for a month, you refuse. He asks you to watch it over the weekend, you agree.)
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Low-ball technique
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Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it. (You’re buying a car, salesperson gives you good deal, you want to buy it, boss doesn’t agree to deal salesperson gave, you still buy the car.)
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That’s-not-all technique
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Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. (Infomercial “that’s not all”)
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Obedience
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Following the commands of a person in authority.
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Social Facilitation
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Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improvement on simple or well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present.
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Social loafing
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The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal that when individually working toward a goal.(School projects)
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Diffusion of responsibility
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The lessening of individual responsibility for a task when responsibility for the task is spread across the members of a group.
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Bystander effect
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The probability of a person’s helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are other bystanders.
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Deindividuation
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity.
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Group Polarization
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The strengthening of a group’s prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic.
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Groupthink
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A mode of group thinking that impairs decision making because the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives.
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Fundamental Attribution error
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The tendency as an observer to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences upon others’ behaviors. (Dropping coffee cup)
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Just-world hypothesis
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The assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Our behavior leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person.
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Actor-observer bias
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The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others.
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Self-serving Bias
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The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably.
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False Consensus Effect
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The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and unsuccessful behaviors. (If you like classical music, you tend to overestimate the number of people who like it.)
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False Uniqueness Effect
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The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and successful behaviors. (If you just aced an exam, you think you are the only one who did.)
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Attitudes
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Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) towards objects, events, and other people.
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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A theory developed by Leon Festinger that assumes people have a tendency to changer their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior.
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Self-perception theory
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– A theory developed by Daryl Bem which assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs.
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DSM-IV
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The current version of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic and classification guidelines for mental disorders
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personality disorder
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a disorder characterized by inflexible, long-standing personality traits that lead to behavior that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms
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bio-psycho-social approach
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explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioral and cognitive), and social or cultural factors.
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anxiety disorders
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disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behavior.
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specific phobia
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An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable.
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social phobia
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an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others.
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agoraphobia
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an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing.
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks.
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generalized anxiety disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety that she cannot control for a period of at least 6 months.
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption i the person's daily life.
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obsession
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a persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety
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compulsion
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a repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety.
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mood disorders
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disorders that involve dramatic changes in a person's emotional mood that are excessive and unwanted.
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major depressive disorder
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a mood disorder in which the person has experienced one or more major depressive episodes
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major depressive episode
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symptoms of feeling of intense hopelessness, low self esteem and worthlessness, and extreme fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behavior, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friends, and activities for a period of more than 2 weeks.
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manic episode
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abnormal elevated moods in which the person experiences symptoms such as self inflated self esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractibility, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week
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bipolar disorder
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a mood disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur.
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psychotic disorder
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a disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
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hallucination
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a false sensory perception
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delusion
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a false belief
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schizophrenia
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a psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present more of the time during a 1-month period-- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion.
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vulnerability-stress model
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a bio-psycho-social explanation of schizophrenia which proposes that genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not.
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biomedical therapy
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the use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat medical disorders.
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psychotherapy
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the use of psychological interventions to treat mental disorders.
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lithium
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a naturally occuring element that is used to treat bipolar disorder.
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antidepressant drugs
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drugs used to treat depressive disorders
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neurogenesis theory of depression
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an explanation of depression that proposes that neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons, in the hippocampus stops during depression, and when it resumes, the depression lifts.
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antianxiety drugs
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drugs used to treat anxiety problems and disorders
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antipsychotic drugs
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drugs used to treat psychotic disorders.
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tardive dyskinesia
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a side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a biomedical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure
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psychosurgery
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a biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed
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lobotomy
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a type of psychosurgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobes to the lower brain areas are severed.
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psychoanalysis
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a style of psycholotherapy originally developed by Freud in which the therapist helps the person gain insight into the unconscious sources of his problems.
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free association
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a person spontaneously describes, without editing, all thoughts, feelings or images that come to mind.
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resistance
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a person's unwillingness to discuss particular topic during therapy
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manifest content
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Freud's term for the literal surface meaning of a dream
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latent content
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Freud's term for the underlying true meaning of a dream.
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transference
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a person undergoing therapy acts toward the therapist as she did or does toward important figures in her life, such as her parents
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client-centered therapy
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a style of psychotherapy developed by carl rogers in which the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, genuiness, and empathy to help the person to gain insight into his true self concept
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behavioral therapy
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a style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behavior from maladaptive to adaptive
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counterconditioning
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a type of behavioral therapy in which a maladaptive response is replaced by an incompatible adaptive response
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systematic desensitization
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a counterconditioning therapy in which a fear response to an object or situation is replaced with a relaxation response in a series of progressively increasing fear-arousing steps
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flooding
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a behavioral therapy in which the person is immediately exposed to the feared object or situation
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cognitive theory
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a style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive.
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rational-emotive therapy
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a type of cognitive therapy developed by albert ellis in which the therapist directly confronts and challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational
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spontaneous remission
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getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy
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meta-analysis
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a statistical analysis in which the results of many separate experimental studies are pooled together into one analysis to determine whether there is an overall effect.
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rational-emotive therapy
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a type of cognitive therapy developed by albert ellis in which the therapist directly confronts and challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational
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spontaneous remission
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getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy
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meta-analysis
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a statistical analysis in which the results of many separate experimental studies are pooled together into one analysis to determine whether there is an overall effect.
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