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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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processing information to solve problems, reason, and make judgements and decisions is called __. a. problem solving b. thinking c. reasoning |
c. reasoning |
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in the standardization distribution of deviation IQ scores developed by Wechsler, the mean is set at __ and the standard deviation is set at __. a. 100;15 b. 100;10 c. 50;15 |
a. 100;15
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which intelligence theorist assumed that more intelligent people would have more acute senses and faster reaction times? a. Lewis Terman b. Alfred Binet c. Francis Galton |
c. Francis Galton
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in a memory span task, particpants are given two lists of items to recall. items on list A are 3-letter acronyms, such as USA and ABC, and items on list B are three unrelated letters such as, BQO, UOW. It is likely that participants will recall more letters from __, which can be BEST explained by the use of __. a. list a;priming b. list a;chunking c. list b;priming |
b. list a;chunking |
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in Pavlov's experiment, UCR (unconditioned response is to salvation as UCS (unconditioned stimulus is to __. a. shock b. meat powder c. tone |
b. meat powder |
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Laura vividly remembers her high school graduation, an example of __ memory, but has forgotten the meaning of the term "photosynthesis" a failure of __ memory. a. implicit;explicit b. explicit;implicit c. episodic;semantic |
c. episodic;semantic |
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in reinforcement, the probability of a behavior __; in punishment the probability of a behavior __. a. increases;increases b. increases;decreases c. decreases;increases |
b. increases;decreases |
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Sandra remembers her grocery list by associating each item with a different place in her kitchen. which mnemonic is Sandra using? a. acronyms b. method of loci c. peg-word method |
b. method of loci |
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__ is often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning. a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. observational learing |
b. classical conditioning |
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Pavlov developed procedures for __ conditioning to study the __ reflex. a. operant;eye blink b. operant;salivary c. classical;salivary |
c. classical;salivary |
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why is standardization of a test necessary? a. to be sure a test is reliable b. to be sure a test is valid c. to provide a way to interpret performance |
c. to provide a way to interpret performance |
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after learning the phone number for Five Star Pizza, Bob cannot remember the phone number her learned last week for the Donut Connection. After living in Los Angeles for 3 years, Jim is unable to remember his way around his hometown in which he had lived the previous 10 years prior. Bob is experiencing the effects of __ interference and Jim is experiencing the effects of __. a. proactive;proactive b. proactive;retroactive c. retroactive;retroactive |
c. retroactive;retroactive |
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for most Americans, the acronym USA is __ chunk(s) of information; the date 1776 is __ chunk(s) of information. a. 1;1 b. 1;4 c. 3;1 |
a. 1;1 |
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Frank begins training his dog Sigmund to bring him the newspaper by giving Sigmund a treat when the dog goes to the door. during successive attempts at training, he rewards Sigmund with a treat when the dog sniffs the newspaper, picks up the newspaper in his mouth, and brings the newspaper to Frank. in this example, Frank is training his dog using which of the following? a. principles underlying a token economy b. secondary reinforcers c. shaping |
c. shaping |
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in simultaneous conditioning, the __. a. CS and the UCS are presented together b. UCS remains on until after the CS is presented c. CS precedes but is removed before the UCS is presented |
a. CS and the UCS are presented together |
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which is the MOST well-defined problem? a. writing a poem b. painting a watercolor picture c. solving a math problem |
c. solving a math problem |
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on a roulette wheel, there are an equal number of red (R) and black (B) slots in which a ball may fall at random. suppose a roulette wheel is spun five times. which sequence of outcomes is more likely? a. B R B R B b. B B B R R C. both answers are equally likely |
C. both answers are equally likely |
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when a very small dog licks 2 year old Abby's hand, Abby calls the animal a cat because her framework of knowledge about cats relates to small animals and her framework of knowledge about dogs relates to bigger animals. her retrieval of the label "cat" was MOST clearly influenced by which of the following? a. the misinformation effect b. storage decay c. an existing schema |
c. an existing schema |
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when recall of a memory requires conscious effort and entails making declarations about the information remembered, you are using your __ memory. a. implicit b. iconic c. explicit |
c. explicit |
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continuing to take Advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of __, and no longer parking in "no parking" zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is an example of __. a. positive punishment; positive reinforcement b. positive reinforcement;positive punishment c. negative reinforcement;negative punishment |
c. negative reinforcement;negative punishment |
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as a child, Steven associated the smell of brownies with his grandmother, but when he got older this no longer happened. however, one day Steven went into a bakery, smelled fresh-baked brownies, and immediately thought of his grandmother. in therms of classical conditioning, Steven's thinking about his grandmother in the bakery illustrates which of the following? a. acquisition b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery |
c. spontaneous recovery |
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slot machines provide reinforcement on a __ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. fixed-variable c. variable-ratio |
c. variable-ratio |
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David looks forward to the weekends when he is permitted to drive his dad's car. when David comes home several hours after his curfew, his dad tells him that he can't take the car for a month. in this example, not driving the car is BEST associated with which process? a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative punishment |
c. negative punishment |
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Susan's cats begin to salivate when she shakes their box of kitty treats. when Susan first began shaking the box, the noise from the box would have been considered a(n) __ stimulus. after conditioning had occurred, the noise from the box would be considered a(n) __ stimulus. a. neutral;conditioned b. conditioned;neutral c. unconditioned;conditioned |
a. neutral;conditioned |
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when asked to quickly estimate the product of 8*7*6*5*4*3*2*1, people give a much larger answer than when asked to quickly estimate the product of 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8. this BEST illustrates the dynamics involved in using __. a. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic b. the working backward heuristic c. means-end analysis |
a. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
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Trevor did not think to use the plastic bag he was carrying as a raincoat when he was caught in a downpour, BEST illustrates __. a. functional fixedness b. the availability heuristic c. fixation |
a. functional fixedness |
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suppose 3 year old Brett throws a temper tantrum at the checkout counter because he wants some candy. to keep Brett quiet, his mother buys him a candy bar. in this example, the candy bar is an example of __ that, according to operant conditioning principles, will __ the probability of Brett's throwing another temper tantrum. a. punisher;decrease b. punisher;increase c. reinforcer;increase |
c. reinforcer;increase |
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retrieval is __. a. the process of maintaining information in a memory stage b. the process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory c. the process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next |
b. the process of bringing information stored in long-term memory to the conscious level in short-term memory |
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which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? a. money b. food c. good grades |
b. food |
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Zachary typically parks his car in the parking lot by the library. on Wednesday the library lot was full, so he parked by the administration building. after class, he headed for the library parking log to get his car and was dismayed when he couldn't find it. this memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates which theory of forgetting? a. source misattribution b. storage decay c. interference |
c. interference |
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according to the 3-stage model of memory, in what sequence does incoming information flow through memory? a. sensory memory, short-term, long-term b. short-term, long-term, sensory memory c. long-term, sensory memory, short-term |
a. sensory memory, short-term, long-term |
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Joe studies a list of words that includes the word motel. he later completes the word fragment mot--- with the word motel instead of the word mother even though he does not consciously recall studying the word motel. this behavior likely occurs because of __ a. classical conditioning b. episodic memory c. priming |
c. priming |
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Greg believes that female drivers make more careless mistakes on the road than do male drivers, so he watches female drivers more closely than male drivers. Greg's behavior BEST illustrates __. a. the availability heuristic b. fixation c. confirmation bias |
c. confirmation bias |
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in __ conditioning, a __ stimulus elicits an automatic response. a. classical;reflexive b. operant;reflexive c. classical;non-reflexive |
a. classical;reflexive |
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why did Ebbinghaus use meaningless nonsense syllables to study memory? a. he wanted a pure measure of memory unaffected by prior knowledge b. he wanted a novel measure of memory that no one had used before c. he wanted stimuli that could be pronounced and were equivalent in length |
a. he wanted a pure measure of memory unaffected by prior knowledge |
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after witnessing a crime, Robert was asked whether or not he could select the suspect from a lineup, a measure of __. a. recall b. recognition c. recovery |
b. recognition |
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which theory of motivation suggests that our behavior is motivated by biological needs such as hunger and thirst? a. incentive theory b. arousal theory c. drive-reduction theory |
c. drive-reduction theory |
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to locate a missing receipt that Dennis knows he put in a file, Dennis systematically goes through each of the folders he uses, starting with A and working his way toward Z. This search procedure MOST closely resembles which problem-solving strategy? a. an algorithm b. a heuristic c. mental set |
a. an algorithm |
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after he had a few beers, Larry reorganized the closet where he kept his sporting equipment. the next day, he could not find his tennis racket. however, the following weekend, after having a few beers, Larry remembered where he put his tennis racket, an example of __. a. state-dependent memory b. mood-dependent memory c. mood-congruence memory |
a. state-dependent memory |
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the "magical number 7 +- 2" was derived from studies on __. a. the spacing effect b. the serial position effect c. STM capacity |
c. STM capacity |
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which of the following is the BEST example of primary reinforcer? a. a cheeseburger b. a grade of "A" on an exam c. praise from your teacher |
a. a cheeseburger |
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Carla dislikes washing dishes. when Carla shows her mother an excellent report card, her mother tells Carla that she does not have to do the dishes for a week. in this example, not doing the dishes is being associated with which process? a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement |
c. negative reinforcement |
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after learning that the parents of both of her roommates were divorced, Megan began to overestimate the divorce rate. Megan's conclusion BEST illustrates the misuse of the __. a. availability heuristic b. the conjunction rule c. the conjunction fallacy |
a. availability heuristic |
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after solving a series of math problems using a complicated formula, Mark uses the same formula to solve another problem he could have solved using a much simpler formula. Mark's continued reliance on the complicated formula BEST illustrates which of the following? a. confirmation bias b. use of means-end analysis c. mental set |
c. mental set |
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the failure to recall specific information from memory combined with partial recall and the feeling that recall is imminent is known as __. a. cue-dependent memory b. tip of the tongue phenomenon c. proactive interference |
b. tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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with respect to intelligence, eugenics is__. a. the idea that intelligence is due to environmental influences b. the idea that intelligence is due to gender c. selective reproduction to enhance the mental capacities of the human race |
c. selective reproduction to enhance the mental capacities of the human race |
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after Juan was bitten by a German Shepherd, he feared all dogs. in term of classical conditioning, Juan's fear of all dogs illustrates which of the following? a. discrimination b. extinction c. generalization |
c. generalization |
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checking for e-mail messages is typically rewarded on a __ reinforcement schedule a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. variable-interval |
c. variable-interval |
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which is an example of an erroneous belief that may arise from subjective, informal hypothesis testing? a. average intelligence test scores have improved steadily in Western industrialized countries b. mental telepathy is an extension of our sensory abilities c. more people die from diabetes than from airplane crashes |
b. mental telepathy is an extension of our sensory abilities |
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which of the following describing iconic memory? a. memory for visual images that have accumulated throughout your life b. memory for pictures that you have seen within the last 30 seconds c. memory for all incoming visual information that lasts for less than a second |
c. memory for all incoming visual information that lasts for less than a second
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