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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Associative Learning |
Learning process where a connection between two events is made. The two types are Classical and Operant |
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Classical Conditioning |
The learning process by which one stimulus becomes a signal associated with another stimulus. Four types: UCS, UCR, CS, and CR |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
A stimulus that naturally causes a specific response that elicits a reflex. |
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Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
Natural reaction, requires no learning |
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Conditioned Stimulus |
Stimuli that elicits a response only after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Conditioned Response |
A learned response given to a previously neutral repsonse |
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Acquisition |
Classical: associate a conditioned stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus. Operant: associate responses with a punisher/reinforcer |
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Extinction |
The process of eliminating a response by discontinuing reinforcement of it eliminating CR thru CS without UCS |
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Spontaneous recovery |
Occurs when a CS is presented following extinction and the passage time. |
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Generalization |
When a stimuli results similarly to the CS without conditioning similar stimulants |
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Discrimination |
The process where responses are restricted to specific stimuli (not responding to similar stimuli) |
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Second Order Conditioning |
CS1 and CS 2 learned after learning CS1, Basically CS1 becomes UCS for CS2 |
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Law of Effect |
Thorndike, Basis of Operant conditioning, Behavior with satisfying conseq. strengthened, punishment will be weakened |
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Positive Reinforcement |
A satisfying conseq. of behavior that increases probability of that response occurring again |
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Negative reinforcement |
A satisfying conseq. that involves the removal of or escape from an unpleasant situation following appropriate response |
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Punishment |
Procedure that leads to a decrease in strength or frequency of the response |
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Shaping |
development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of the desired outcome |
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Primary reinforcer |
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one the satisfies a biological need |
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SecondaRy (Conditioned) Reinforcer |
A stimulus such as money and praise that promotes behavior |
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Avoidance Conditioning |
Learning to avoid negative stimulus, avoids = no negative reinforcement |
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Escape conditioning |
organism performs a response that terminates or avoids an unpleasant event (Aversive Stimulus) |
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Continuous reinforcement schedule |
the presentation of a reinforcer every time behavior happens |
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Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement schedule |
reinforces behavior some of the time, ratio interval schedule |
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Fixed Ratio (FR) |
Reinforcement following every specified number of reponses |
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Variable Ratio (VR) |
Reinforcement occurs following an unpredictable or average number of responses |
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Fixed Interval (FI) |
Reinforcement occurs following the first response after a specific amount of time |
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Variable Interval (VI) |
Reinforcement occurs following the first response after an unpredictable or average amount of time |
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Cognitive learning Theory |
Learning is not a mindless mechanical process of association, but rather intervening mental process such as thinking and memory play an important role |
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Expectancy |
Operant: the predictability of the reinforcing event Classical: the acquisition of how likely it is that a UCS will occur |
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Latent Learning |
Occurs when in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated by an immediately observable change in behavior at the time of learning, aka hidden learning |
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Cognitive map |
mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
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Intrinsic motivation |
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
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Extrinsic motivation |
A desire to perform a behavior due to expected rewards or to avoid being punished |
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Observational learning |
individual acquires a behavior by observing someone else performing that behavior, without reinforcement |
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Modeling |
The process of observing and imitating |
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Social learning theory |
Concept that people don't need to directly experience events to learn, Albert Bandura |
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Behaviorism |
Psych should only study overt behavior without reference to mental processes |
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Pavlov |
Basis of Classical Conditioning, Pavlov's bell |
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Tolman |
Cognitive maps in animals |
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Skinner |
Researched operant conditioning, Skinner Box, concepts of positive reinforcement, shaping and cumulative records |
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Thorndike |
Developed Law of Effect which formed the foundation of operant conditioning |
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Bandura |
Researched the role of observation and imitation in learning which led to social learning theory |