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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Consciousness
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States of awareness of our world and ourselves. (Levels)
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Awake
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Most time spent.
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Conscious Processes
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Demand attention and focus.
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Preconscious Processes
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Divided attention and less focus.
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Unconscious Processes
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Without awareness.
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Daydreaming and Fantasizing
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Shift of attention from a task.
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Psychotic Hallucinations
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Naturally occurring distorted perceptions without external cause.
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Altered States (Trance)
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Meditation, hypnosis, and relaxation training.
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Altered States (Drug Induced)
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Stimulants/Anti-depressants, Depressants, Narcotics, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Marijuana.
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Drug Response is dependent upon:
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Size, weight, and metabolism
Intake method Experience Expectations Setting Dosage Purity Food |
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Sleep and Dreaming
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Two distinct states.
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REM
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Paradoxical
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NREM
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Orthodox
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Watch Brain Waves
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EEG
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Awake
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Beta waves, high frequency, fast, random.
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Drowsy
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Alpha waves, 8-12cps.
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NREM Stage 1
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Theta Waves, transition stage, 3-7cps, 8-10min, sleep talking.
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NREM Stage 2
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Sleep spindles, sleep stage, 12-14cps, half of night spent in stage 2.
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NREM Stages 3 and 4
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Delta waves, deep sleep, .5-2cps, bed wetting, sleep walking, night terrors, takes 30-45min to get here.
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REM
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Random, fast waves, brain aroused, hard to wake up, body paralyzed, phasic activity (jerks and twitches), autonomic storms, dreams and nightmares.
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Purpose of Sleep
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Restorative Theory - body needs to re-charge.
Adaptive non-responding theory - body is conserving energy. |
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Purpose of Dreams
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Freud - unconscious wishes.
Cartwright - problem solving. Hobson/McCarley - activation synthesis theory (PONS): random stimulation of brain cells. |
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Learning
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Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.
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Classical Conditioning
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Learning that occurs when two or more stimuli are paired in time.
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Pavlov's Model
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Importance of associations. Reflexes, can we train them?
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US
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Unconditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that automatically produces a response.
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UR
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Unconditioned Response: Response that occurs without any learning.
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CS
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Conditioned Stimulus: Neutral cue that gets paired with the US.
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CR
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Conditioned Response: Learned response due to the conditioning.
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Features of CC
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Timing, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization/discrimination, higher-order conditioning.
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Timing (CC)
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Half a second between CS and US
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Extinction (CC)
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CS no longer produces CR.
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Spontaneous Recovery (CC)
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After a period of rest, the CS will elicit a smaller CR.
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Generalization/Discrimination (CC)
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All CS's will cause CR/Only specific CS will cause CR.
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Higher-order Conditioning
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Adding CS's to the model.
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Operant Conditioning
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Learning that occurs when a response is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
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Thorndike
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Puzzle box (law of effects): Organisms will tend to behave in such a way as to gain pleasure and avoid pain.
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B.F. Skinner's Model
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Lesson is in rewards and punishments.
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S(d)
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Discriminative Stimulus: Sets the occasion for a response.
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R
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Response: Behavior or action.
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S
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Consequence: result of behavior or action.
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Skinner's Model
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S(d): R ---> S
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S+ (Consequence of Behavior)
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Positive Reinforcement: increases probability behavior will continue. (Reward)
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S- (Consequence of Behavior)
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Negative Reinforcement: increases probability behavior will continue. (Avoidance or Escape)
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Sp (Consequence of Behavior)
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Punishment: decreases probability behavior will continue.
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Se (Consequence of Behavior)
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Omission/Extinction: decreases probability behavior will continue. (No Consequence)
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Features of Operant Conditioning
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Timing, shaping, generalization/discrimination, reinforcement schedules.
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Timing (OC)
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Reward or punishment must be immediate.
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Shaping (OC)
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Reinforcing successive approximations to a goal of behavior. (Small Steps)
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Generalization/Discrimination (OC)
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All similar Sd will cause R/Only specific Sd will cause R.
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)
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Reinforced every time proper response occurs. Fast extinction.
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Partial Reinforcement Schedule
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Increases resistance to extinction. Ratio and Interval.
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Ratio
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Based on work. FR: Fixed Ratio. VR: Variable Ratio.
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Interval
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Based on time. FI: Fixed Interval. VI: Variable Interval.
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Cognitive Learning
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Learning that involves mental processes.
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Insight Learning
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Kohler: Sudden awareness.
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Latent Learning
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Tolman: Learning without reward.
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Observational Learning
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Bandura: Learning by watching.
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Memory Involves
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Encoding, storage, retrieval.
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Encoding
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Forming a memory code.
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Storage
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Maintaining information.
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Retrieval
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Recovering information.
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Sensory Memory (SM)
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Brief holding bin (half a second), echoes and icons.
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Short-term Memory (STM)
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Limited time (18-25 sec), rehearsal.
Limited capacity (7 plus or minus 2 bits): Miller's magical number. Chunking. |
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Serial Position Effect
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Primacy: Items at the beginning of the list. Recency: Items at the end of the list.
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Long-term Memory (LTM)
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More permanent memory, unlimited time, unlimited capacity, Tulving's storage systems.
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Tulving's Storage Systems
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Episodic: personally experienced.
Semantic: general facts. Procedural: skills and habits. |
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Retrieval Methods
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Recall, recognition, cue-dependent, state-dependent, TOT.
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Recall
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Reproducing learned material.
1.Rote: verbatim, word-for-word. 2.Reconstruction |
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Recognition
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Seen it before.
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Cue-dependent
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Content or context helps to retrieve information. (Flash Bulb)
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State-dependent
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Emotional state helps to retrieve information. (Flash Bulb)
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TOT (Tip of the Tongue)
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Retrieval confusion.
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Decay Theory
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Ebbinghaus: nonsense syllables. "Use it or loose it."
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Interference Theory
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Proactive: forward-working. Retroactive: backwards-working.
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Motivated Forgetting
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Freud: unconscious drives to forget.
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Improving Memory
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Attention
Mnemonic devices Over-learning (focused repetition) SQ3R: survey, question, read, write, recite |