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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
def of memory
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the retention of info over time
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3 systems of memory
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1. sensory memory
2. short-term mem 3. long term mem |
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how long is our short-term memory and which step in the mem process is it?
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second step, lasts about 20 seconds
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def of sensory memory and the 2 types of it
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def: brief storage of perceptional info before it is passed to short-term memory
iconic mem and echoic mem |
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iconic vs. echoic memory
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iconic: visual sensory memory
echoic: auditory sensory memory |
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who created the partial report method?
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george sperling
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describe the partial report method in terms of Sperlings 12 letter study
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all letters were held in sensory memory, but decayed rapidly before all of them could be transferred to short-term memory
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working memory
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ability to hold on to info we are currently thinking about
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2 types of memory loss from short-term memory
and describe them |
1. decay: fading of info from memory over time
2. interference: loss of info from memory because of competition from additional incoming info |
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elaborative vs. maintenance rehearsal
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elaborative: link o something meaningful or visual
maintenance: repeat something until in memory |
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2 types of interference and describe them
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1. retroactive: interference with retention of old info due to acquisition of new info
2. proactive: interference with acquisition of new info due to previous learning of info |
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who created "the magic number" and what is it?
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George miller
the digit span of short-term memory is between 5 and 9, so 7+/- 2 pieces on info is the magic number |
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chunking
def and why is it important |
def: organizing info into meaningful groups
+: allows us to extend the span of short-term memory |
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levels of processing
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depth of transforming info, which influences how easily we remember it
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draw out the diagram of extended long-term memory
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explicit (semantic and episodic)
long term mem< implicit (procedural, priming, cond, habituation) |
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long-term memory
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step 3 in storing info, retention of info stored from minutes to years
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2 types of long term memory? and describe them
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1. explicit: memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
2. implicit: memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect on consciously |
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2 types of explicit memory and describe them
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1. semantic: our knowledge of events in our lives
2. episodic: recollection of events in our lives |
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another name for explicit memory?
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declarative memory
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procedural memory
def and what it is a part of |
def: memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
part of implicit memory |
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priming
def and what it is a part of |
def: our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli
part of implicit memory |
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2 stages of memory that we need to know about
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encoding and retrieval
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encoding
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process of getting info into our memory banks
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mnemonics
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strategy or device that enhances recall
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retrieval
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reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
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difference between recall and recognition and an example
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recall: generating previously remembered info on our own
recognition: selecting info from an array of options recall= essay questions, recognition= multiple choice questions |
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relearning
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reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time
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depth of processing
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the more deeply we process info the better we tend to remember it
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distributed vs massed practice
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small increment over time studying (distribution) vs cramming (massed practice)
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context dependent learning
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remembering things because you are in the same context or place
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state-dependent learning
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remembering because you are in the same state of mind
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long term potentiation (LTP)
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gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation
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how is the hippocampus used in LTP experiments?
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thin slices of animal hippocampus are stimulated slightly (like someone asking us a question) and strongly (like someone yelling at us) and it responds differently
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what are the 2 types of amnesia? describe them
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retrograde amnesia: loss of memories from our past
anterograde amnesia: inability to encode new memories form our experiences |
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T/F people suffering with Alzheimer's lose synapses and cells
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true, loss of synapses and death of cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex are common in patients
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most common treatment for alzheimer's today...
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drugs that boost the amount of acetylcholine in the brain by inhibiting its breakdown
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meta-memory
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knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
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flashbulb memory
example |
emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed
what you were doing when you found out about 911 |
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misinformation effect
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creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading info about an event after it takes place
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7 sins of memory
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1. suggestibility 2. misattribution 3. bias 4. transience 5. persistence 6. blocking 7. absentmindedness
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left hemisphere is associated with what type of memory?
right hemisphere? |
left: encoding
right: retrieval |
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difference between short-term and working memory
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working memory can manage multiple types of info simultaneously, short-term memory cannot
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Most people tend to demonstrate the primacy effect when memorizing a list of items. This means they are best able to remember words that are ______ the list.
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first on
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the final process of memory is
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retrieval
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T/F Memories distribute themselves throughout many areas of the prefrontal cortex.
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trueeee
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the levels of processing model of memory identifies 3 levels, what are they?
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visual, semantic, and phonological
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Some psychologists have criticized the ________________ as largely unfalsifiable because it’s virtually impossible to determine how much we’ve processed a memory in the first place. This means that we could never independently test the claim that more deeply processed memories are better remembered
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levels-of-processing model
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Tyler directs a choir of singers who do not read music. To learn their parts, they sing the music over and over until it becomes familiar. A psychologist would say Tyler’s choir uses __________ processing
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phonological
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watching tv we experience this type of memories, last for only a second and then are gone forever
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iconic
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Caitlin was asked to remember the last time she walked along a beach. As she did this, she remembered looking out at the water and seeing the people on the beach around her, with the view of her surroundings changing as she walked along. Caitlin’s recollection would be best described as a (n) ________ memory
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field
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When students taking the SAT were given pills they believed to be either Ritalin or a dummy pill, what happened?
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The “Ritalin” students reported better mental functioning and attention, but their scores were no better than those of the “dummy” students.
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