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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Wilhelm Wundt
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Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
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Structuralism
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An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
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Functionalism
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a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Behaviorism
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the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2
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Humanistic Psychology
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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)
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Psychology
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The science of experience ans and behavior.
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Levels of Analysis
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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
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Bio-psychosocial Approach
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incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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Basic Research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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Applied Research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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Hindsight Bias
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I knew it all along!
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Critical Thinking
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
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Hypothesis
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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Operational Definition
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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
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Replication
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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether it works for other circumstances/people
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Case Study
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One person, in depth
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Survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group
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Illusory Correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
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Standard Deviation
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(Sum of the squared deviations/number of scores) ALL rooted
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Statistical Significance
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a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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Temperament
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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Interaction
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the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor
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Molecular Genetics
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the sub field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
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Evolutionary Psychology
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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
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Role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Gender Role
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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
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Gender Typing
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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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Social Learning Theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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Gender identity
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our sense of being male or female
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Process of baby
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Zygote, Embryo, Fetus
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Habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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Cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Schema
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Assimilation
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interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
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Accomodation
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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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Sensorimotor
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Birth - 2 Object permanence, stranger anxiety. Experiencing the world through senses and actions
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Preoperational Stage
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2-6/7 , Representing things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning,/ Pretend Play, EgoCentrism
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Concrete Operational Stage
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6/7-11 Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations/ conservation, mathematical transformations
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Formal Operational Stage
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12- Abstract reasoning,/ abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning.
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Theory of Mind
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People's ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
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When does stranger anxiety start?
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about 8 months
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attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
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imprinting
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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basic trust
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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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Self Concept
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our understanding and evaluation of who we are
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Type of parenting
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Authoritarian, Dismissive, Authoritative
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Kohlberg Morality
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Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
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identity
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our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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social identity
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the "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "who am I" that comes from our group memberships
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cross sectional study
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a study in which people of different ages or compared with one another
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longitudinal study
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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
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