Psych Chp 7 Memory

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Memory

Back 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Front 2

Encoding

Back 2

the process of getting information into the memory system

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Storage

Back 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time.

Front 4

retrieval

Back 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Front 5

Sensory Memory

Back 5

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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Short-Term Memory

Back 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten.

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Long-Term Memory

Back 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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Working Memory

Back 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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Explicit Memory

Back 9

Memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve. (also called declarative memory)

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Effortful Processing

Back 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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Implicit memory

Back 11

retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness. (also called Nondeclarative memory)

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Automatic Processing

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Unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings.

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Chunking

Back 13

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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Mnemonics

Back 14

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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Spacing Effect

Back 15

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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Testing effect

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enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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Hippocampus

Back 17

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

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Flashbulb Memory

Back 18

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or even.

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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an increase in a synapse's firing potential. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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Recall

Back 20

Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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Recognition

Back 21

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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relearning

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memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.

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Retrieval Cue

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any stimulus (event, feeling,place, and so on) linked to a specific memory.

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Priming

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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

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Mood-congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood.

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serial position effect

Back 26

our tendency to recall best the last first items in a list.

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Amnesia

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Literally "without memory" a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.

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Memory trace

Back 28

Lasting Physical changes in the brain as a memory forms

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Proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on rhe recall of new information

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of learning on the recall of old information.

Front 31

Repression

Back 31

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.

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Misinformation effect

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when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information.

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Source amnesia

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faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

Front 34

Deja Vu

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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.