Psych Chapter 9: Memory

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memory

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persistence of learning over time thru storage/retrieval of information

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flashbulb memory

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clear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event

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encoding

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getting info into brain

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storage

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retaining info

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retrieval

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being able to reproduce information

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sensory memory

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brief, immediate recording- "to-be remembered" information

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short-term memory

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activated memroy, holds a few items briefly before either stored or forgotten

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long-term memroy

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relatively permenant/limitless storehouse; knowledge, skills, experiences

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working memory

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workshite where you can manipulate/rehearse information (includes auditory and visual-spatial elements)

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automatic processing

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unconscious processing- 1: space 2: time 3: frequency

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effortful processing

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enconding that requires attention and conscious effort; produces more durable and accessible memories

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rehearsal

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can boost memory, conscious repetition

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maintenence rehearsal

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repetition lengthening memory duration

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elaborative rehearsal

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repetitive, adds things that make personal meanings

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spacing effect

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tendency for distributed study/practice to yield long term retention vs craming

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serial position effect

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first and last items remembered the best in a list

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visual encoding

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picture/images

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acoustic enconding

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sounds- words especially

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semantic encoding

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meanings; retains for the longest time

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imagery

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mental picture, powerful espcially when combined with semantic encoding

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mnemonics

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acoustic/visual codes; ROY G BIV, SOHCAHTOA, etc

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chunking

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organizing into personally meaningful units/arrangements

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iconic memory

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images- "icons" split second picture

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echoic memory

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sound stimuli

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long-term potentiation

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increases in synapse's firing potential at brief rapid stimulation; neural basis for learning/memory

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amnesia

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loss of memory

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implicit memory

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procedural; classical poretational conditioning effects; motor and cognitive skills; occurs in the cerebellum

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expicit memory

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declarative; memories of facts/experiences that are consciously known; occur in the hippocampus

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hippocampus

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center for explicit memroy; left damage- verbal information; right damage- visual designs/locations affected

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cerebellum

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center for implicit memory

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recall

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ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness

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recognition

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ability to identify previously learned items

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relearning

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measure/asses time saved learning material a second time

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priming

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unconscious activiation of associations in memory

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deja vu

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eerie sense of this has happened to me before; cues from current retrieval of an earlier experience

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mood-congruent memory

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tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good/bad moods

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state dependent memroy

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what we learn in one emotional STATE is sometimes recalled easier in the same state of being (ex- depression, drunk, etc)

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proactive interference

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something that you learned BEFORE is affecting what yoiu are learning now

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retroactive interference

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what you just learned makes it difficult to recall the older information

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repression

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Freudian/Psychoanalytic approach; the mind banishes any anxiety inducing emotions thoughts and memories; cnesor self-painful memories

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event/thing

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source amnesia

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memroy of the source of the event is forgotten or improperly encoded

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Elizabeth Loftus

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famous psychologist for work/research regarding memory construction/misinformation/imagination especially with true and false memories

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psychogenic amnesia

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Partial or total loss of memory, usually resulting from shock, psychological disturbance, brain injury, or illness.

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retrograde amnesia

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forget everything that happened before amnesia

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anterograde amnesia

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forget everything that happens after onset of amnesia (any new information)

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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learning/forgetting curve

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next in line effect

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when going around in a circle; you dont process wqaht the person before you says, too busy thinking about your own answer coming up next

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eric kandel

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observed changes in sending neurons in the sea snail (aplysia)- found taht the more serotonin released, the more efficient signals are transmitted

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karl lashley

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memory traces; found that our memories are not stored in one place- mouse mazes, cut part of the brain, still reatined partial memory

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epidetic memroy

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photographic memory

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episodic memory

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sequential series; how long term memroies are stored

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semantic memroy

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stored as facts/meanings- long term memories

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procedural memory

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process/skill/how to perform- long term memories

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schema

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A pattern imposed on complex reality or experience to assist in explaining it, mediate perception, or guide response.

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engram

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memory trace

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haptic memory

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tactile/touch memory

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self reference effect

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relate things to self in order to remember- create schemas

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method of loci

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mnemonic device in which a person visualizes the items in different spatial locations. associates the items with landmarks in some familiar place, which helps them recall the items later.

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organic amnesia

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cause of amnesia is damage to the brain, through trauma or disease, or use of certain (generally sedative) drugs.

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selective attention

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selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things