Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Shultz (3 basic needs, cause for groups)
|
Inclusion, control, affection
|
|
Group
|
3 or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense their needs/goals cause them to influence each other
|
|
Causes for groups
|
1) Innate/evolutionary purpose (easier for basic human needs)
2) Social reject is chilling (study) 3) Belonging+distinctive feeling 4) Help us define ourselves 5) Help us establish norms |
|
Social roles
|
shared expectations in a group about how specific people are supposed to behave
|
|
Too much social role =
|
Possible to lose ID due to too much role (Stanford prison Study - due to situation, nor personalities)
|
|
Role conflict
|
Due to roles changing (women and gender roles)
|
|
Group cohesiveness
|
Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members
More likely for members to stay, participate |
|
Too much cohesiveness can...
|
get in the way of performance
|
|
Minimal group paradigm
|
Even arbitrary, meaningless things can create basis to form a group
(paintings in class) |
|
Social facilitation
|
Having people around helps you perform better individually
WORKS WHEN: Simple, well learned tasks, when individually assessed Cockroach studies |
|
Arousal and dominant response
|
1) Others increase arousal
2) Easier to perform dominant response 3) Harder to perform complex tasks |
|
Why does presence cause arousal
|
1) +alertness/arousal
2) evaluation apprehension 3) Distraction conflict btw crowd VS task |
|
Social loafing
|
People relax in presence of others
WHEN: Individual is not evaluated **People do better on difficult tasks when in groups |
|
Gender/culture and social loafing
|
Men/ western cultures more likely to be social loafers
|
|
Preventing social loafing
|
1) Make individual accountable
2) Make task challenging/involving 3) Make goal compelling 4) Contributions should be important 5) Make consequences |
|
Deindividuation
|
Loosening of normal constraints of behavior when people can't be ID
(KKK, My Lai Massacre, lynchings, warriors) |
|
Causes for deindividuation
|
1) makes people feel less accountable
2) Increases obedience to group norms 3) Deindividuation in cyberspace? |
|
Process loss
|
Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
1) Group doesn't try hard enough 2) Most competent member finds it difficult to disagree with everyone else 3) Communication problems |
|
Transactive memory
|
Specializing memories = combined memory of two people more efficient that individual
|
|
Groupthink
|
Maintaining cohesiveness more important than considering facts realistically
|
|
Symptoms of groupthink
|
1) People feel invulnerable
2) Rationalizing wrong information for sake of cohesiveness 3) Belief of moral correctness 4) Unique info not shared 5) Stereotyping of out-group 6) Pressure on dissenters to conform 7) Illusion of unanimity 8) Mindguards - protect leader from contradictory information |
|
Causes of groupthink
|
1) Group highly cohesive
2) Group isolation 3) Directive leader 4) High stress 5) Poor decision making procedures |
|
Results of Groupthink
|
1) Incomplete survey of alternatives
2) Failure to examine risks of chosen alternative 3) Poor information search 4) Failure to develop contengency plans |
|
Avoiding groupthink
|
1) Remain impartial
2) Seek out opinions - Have a devil's advocate, welcome criticism 3) Create subgroups 4) Seek anonymous opinions 5) Second chance |
|
Risky Shift
|
Group makes riskier decisions than individual
HALF of group polarization |
|
Group polarization
|
Groups make more EXTREME decisions (so even more conservative/risky)
REASONS FOR: 1) Accumulation of information 2) Social comparison theory |
|
Reasons for group polarization
|
Diffusion of personal responsibilites
Familiarization (information influences) Value hypothesis (normative influence) Active participation solidifies views |
|
Great person theory
|
Certain key personality traits make a good leader, regardless of situation - not very consistent in reality!
|
|
Transactional leaders
|
Set clear, short term goals + reward people who meet them
|
|
Transformational leaders
|
Inspire followers to focus on common, longterm goals
|
|
Most effective to...
|
adopt both leadership styles
|
|
Contingency theory of leadership
|
Effectiveness of leader depends on
Task oriented, relationship oriented, influence leader has over group |
|
Task oriented
|
Concerned with getting job done (not feelings, etc) - BEST in high/low work situations
|
|
Relationship oriented
|
Concerned with workers feelings/relaitonships
BEST in moderate control work situations |
|
Why is it difficult for women to become leaders?
|
Good leaders believed to be agentic (agency)
Women expected to be communal Glass ceiling/Glass cliff idea |
|
Good in all cultures
|
Charisma, team-oriented
|
|
Social dilemma
|
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone (prisoner's dilemma)
|
|
How to increase cooperation
|
Tit for tat: responding how they respond
If other is friend/will interact in future |
|
Threats
|
trucking game??
|
|
Negotiation
|
Communication in which opposing sides in conflict offers + counteroffers and a solution arises when both agree
|
|
Integrative solution
|
parties make tradeoffs on issues, each side concedes on unimportant issues important to other side
|
|
Broken windows theory
|
Maintaining environments in a well ordered condition may stop further vandalism/escalation into more serious crime
You see that injunctive role is violated, which shows that it's ok to do grafitti study |
|
Public goods dillemma
|
Everyone must contribute for common good (blood donation, taxes)
|
|
Tragedy of the commons
|
Social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused (environmental resources, fish)
|
|
Trust is key, not...
|
communication (truck game)
|