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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychotherapy
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Techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life
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Psychoanalysis
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Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts, which usually date back to early childhood experiences, into consciousness; also Freud's theoretical school of thought empasizing unconscious processes
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Free Association
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In pscyoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents
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Dream Analysis
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In psychoanalysis, interpreting the underlying true meaning of dreams to reveal unconscious processes
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Transference
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In psychoanalysis, the patient may displace (or transfer) unconsacious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist
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Interpretation
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A psychoanalyst's explanation of a patient's free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference; more generally, any statement by a therapist that presents a patient's problem in a new way
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Resistance
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In psychoanalysis, the person's inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences
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Psychodynamic Therapy
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A briefer, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious processes and current problems
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Cognitive Therapy
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Therapy that focuses on faulty thought processes and beliefs to treat problem behaviors
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Self-Talk
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Internal dialogue; the things people say to themselves when they interpret events
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Cognitive Restructuring
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Process in cognitive therapy to change destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations
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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
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Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate self-defeating beliefs through rational examination
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
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Beck's system for confronting and changing behaviors associated with destructive cognitions
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Humanistic Therapy
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Therapy to maximize personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment)
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Client-Centered Therapy
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Roger's therapy emphasizing the client's natural tendency to become healthy and productive; techniques include empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and active listening
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Empathy
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In Rogerian terms, an insightful awareness and ability to share another's inner experience
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Roger's term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
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Genuineness
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In Rogerian terms, authenticity or congruence; the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings and being able to share them honestly with others
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Active Listening
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Listening with total attention to what another is saying; involves reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying what the person says and means
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Group Therapy
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A number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals
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Self-Help Group
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Leaderless or nonprofessionally guided groups in which members assist each other with a specific problem, as in Alcoholics Anonymous
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Family Therapy
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Treatment to change maladaptive interaction patterns within a family
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Behavior Therapy
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Group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors
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Systematic Desensitization
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A gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli while staying deeply relaxed
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Aversion Therapy
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Pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
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Modeling Therapy
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Watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors
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Biomedical Therapy
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Using physiological interventions (drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery) to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders
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Psychopharmacology
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The study of drug effects on mind and behavior
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Antianxiety Drugs
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Medications used to treat anxiety disorders
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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Medications used to diminish or eliminate hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal, adn other symptoms of psychosis; also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers
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Antidepressant Drugs
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Medications used to treat depression, some anxiety disorders, and certain eating disorders (such as bulimia)
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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Biomedical therapy based on passing electical current throught the brain; used almost exclusively to treat serious depression when drug therapy does not work
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Psychosurgery
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Operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment
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Lobotomy
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Outmoded medical procedure for mental disorders, which involved cutting nerve pathways between the frontal lobes and the thalamus and hypothalumus
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Eclectic Approach
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Combining techniques from various theories to find the most appropriate treatment
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Social Psychology
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The study of how others influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Attribution
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An explanation for the cause of behaviors or events
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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
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Misjudging the causes of others' behavior as due to internal (dispositional) causes rather than external (situational) ones
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Saliency Bias
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Focusing on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior
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Self-Serving Bias
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Taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures
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Attitude
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Learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object
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Cognitive Dissonance
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A feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two competing attitudes
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Prejudice
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A learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group; it includes thoughts (stereotypes), feelings and behavioral tendencies (possible discrimination)
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Stereotype
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A set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group that is generalized to all group members; also, the cognitive component of prejudice
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Discrimination
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Negative behaviors directed at members of a group
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Ingroup Favoritism
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Viewing members of the ingroup more positively than members of an outgroup
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Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
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Judging members of an outgroup as more alike and less diverse than members of the ingroup
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Interpersonal Attraction
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Positive feelings toward another
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Proximity
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Attraction based on geographic closeness
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Need Complementarity
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Attraction toward those with qualities we admire but personally lack
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Need Compatibility
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Attraction based on sharing similar needs
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Romantic Love
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Intense feeling of attraction to another within an erotic context and with future expectations
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Companionate Love
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Strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship
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Conformity
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Changin behavior because of real or imagined group pressure
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Normative Social Influence
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Conforming to group pressure out of a need for approval and acceptance
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Norm
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Cultural rule of behavior prescribing what is acceptable in a given situation
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Informational Social Influence
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Confroming because of a need for information and direction
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Reference Groups
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People we conform to, or go along with, becaue we like and admire them and want to be like them
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Obedience
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Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
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Foot-in-the-Door Technique
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A first, small request is used as a setup for later, larger requests
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Deindividualization
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Reduced self-consciousness, inhibition, and personal responsibility that sometimes occurs in a group, particularly when the members feel anonymous
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Group Polarization
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Group's movement toward either riskier or more conservative behavior, depending on the members' initial dominant tendency
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Groupthink
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Faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids inconsistent information
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Aggression
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Any behavior intended to harm someone
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Blocking of a desired goal (frustration) creates anger that may lead to aggression
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Altruism
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Actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper
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Egoistic Model
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Helping that's motivated by anticipated gain- later reciprocation, increased self-esteem, or avoidance of distress and guillt
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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
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Helping because of empathy for someone in need
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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The dilution (or diffusion) of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
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