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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kinds of shocks are administered during shock studies?
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Shocks at the pain threshold.
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State preparedness theory.
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We commonly fear things which posed real danger to our hominid ancestors. Early hominids with innate aversions to such stimuli gained a reproductive advantage. As a species, we became predisposed to associate fear with certain stimuli more readily than others.
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How was preparedness theory evaluated?
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Ohman's differential electrodermal conditioning paradigm.
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Describe Ohman's experimental setup.
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There was a prepared stimulus group (snkaes and spiders) and an unprepared stimulus groups (flowers and mushrooms). Each underwent habituation, shock conditioning with one stimulus, then extinction.
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What were the CS+ and CS-?
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CS+ = CS + US
CS- = CS - US |
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How was level of conditioning measured?
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Variable difference in size of skin conductance response.
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What is skin conductance response?
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Reflects activity of the sweat glands in skin. Greater activity = greater conductivity = activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
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What would a large difference indicate?
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A large amount of conditioning.
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How was level of conditioning measured?
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Variable difference in size of skin conductance response.
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What is skin conductance response?
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Reflects activity of the sweat glands in skin. Greater activity = greater conductivity = activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
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What would a large difference indicate?
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A large amount of conditioning.
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What two things would the experiment show if the hypothesis were true?
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Faster acquisition of a conditioned SCR for prepared than non-prepared stimuli.
Slower extinction of a conditioned SCR for prepared than non-prepared stimuli. |
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Was there faster acquisition?
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No, probably due to a ceiling effect (the learning occurred quickly in all cases because the task was simple).
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Was there slower extinction?
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Yes, the hypothesis was supported in many studies.
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What is phylogenetic?
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Evolutionary.
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What ontologic?
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Based on experience.
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How does backward masking technique work?
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The target is presented for 30 ms, then the mask is presented for 100 ms.
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How did Ohman use backward masking in his research?
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He masked prepared and nonprepared stimuli paired with shocks.
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What was Ohman looking for in the backward masking?
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A differentiation between nonprepared and prepared (stimuli not consciously distinguishable).
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What did Ohman learn?
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Prepared stimuli: shock stimuli associated with high SCR.
Non-prepared stimuli: nervous system doesn't distinguish between CS+ and CS-. |
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Was the extinction effect present?
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Yes.
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What does preparedness theory suggest about detection of stimuli?
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Prepared should be detected more quickly.
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What has been the result of adult research?
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There have been mixed results.
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Snake stimuli are detected more rapidly than what kind of stimuli?
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Non-snake.
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How do modern threats far?
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They are also more likely to be detected.
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Describe the LoBue + DeLoach study.
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A snake target was presented in a 3x3 matrix with nonsnakes (and vice versa). Children's times to detect the target showed a detection advantage for snakes.
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Why is the LoBue + DeLoach study better than the previous?
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It is less likely that children's responses are based on learning.
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Describe the Cook + Mieka study.
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They measured preparedness + fear acquisition in monkeys. MMs and OMs had to reach across a snake for food.
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What were the model monkeys?
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They were reared in the wild, and displayed strong fear responses to snakes.
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What were the observer monkeys?
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They were offspring of the model monkeys, were reared in the lab, and did not fear snakes.
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How did the OMs react after seeing the MM reaction to snakes?
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They feared the snake.
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How did the OMs react after seeing the MM reaction to non-snakes?
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They did not show the same fear acquisition.
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