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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral Perspective
a. people b. overview c. what determines behavior? |
a. Thorndike, Skinner, Pavlov, Watson
b. shaped by conditioning and reinforcement, environment big role c. observable behaviors, reinforcements, punishments |
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Cognitive Perspective
a. people b. overview c. what determines behavior? |
a. Piaget, Chomsky
b. information processing systems, thoughts c. mental interpretations of our experiences |
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Developmental Perspective
a. people b. overview c. what determines behavior? |
a. kholberg, erikson
b. pattern of change/stages c. interaction b/t nature and nurture |
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Evolutionary/ Sociobiological Perspective
b. overview c. what determines behavior? |
b. behavior adapted over time
c. natural selection |
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Psychodynamic Perspective
a. people b. overview c. what determines behavior? |
a. Freud, Jung
b. emphasizes dark forces in the unconscious c. unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, childhood |
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Clinical Psychology
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focus on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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Developmental Psychology
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concerned with process of growth, development, and change throughout life span
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Experimental Psychology
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associated with lab research in one of basic psychological processes
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Industrial-Organizational Psychology
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research and application of methods, facts, and principles of psychology to people at work. concern with job evaluation, leadership, organizational behavior, training
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Naturalistic Observation
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. observing ppl in natural environment w/o their knowledge
b. see natural reactions, make predictions c. ethical concerns , can't see thoughts or internal states |
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Survey
a. description b. advantage. c. disadvantage |
a. questionaire given to random sample in order to find out thoughts on particular subject
b. easy way to get data, widespread, internal states c. distort answers, getting random sample is hard, framing effect |
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Correlational Study
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage d. v causation |
a. technique to measure degree of association b/t 2 variables of diff types
b. can makes predictions, clarifies relationships b/t variables c. hard to generalize d. doesnt measure cause |
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Case Study
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. in-depth observations of individual person or small group
b. specific data, deal with unethical problems, 1st step to generalize c. hard to generalize, time consuming |
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Archival Research
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. analyze existing data in public records to prove a theory or show correlation --> unbiased
b. when recorded, no thought of being used for research, unobstrusive c. data could be wrong, bias, incomplete |
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Prenatal Stages
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1. germinal
2. embryonic 3. fetal |
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Habituation & Recovery
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habituation: tendency of child to become familiar with stiumuls as result of repeated exposure
recovery: after habituation, tendency for second stimulus to be more interesting |
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Infant Reflexes
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rooting: response to contact on cheeck, to turn toward and open mouth
grasping: auntomatic tendency to grasp an object that stimulates palm |
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Assimilation
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(PIAGET) process of incorporating and if necessary changing new information to fit existing cognitive structures
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Accommodation
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(PIAGET) process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information
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Crystallized/Fluid Intelligence
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crystallized: a form of intelligence that reflects the accumulation oof verbal skills and factual knowledge
fluid: " that involves ability to reason logically and abstractly |
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Alzheimers
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progressive brain disorder striking elderly, kills brain cells fast, causes memory loss, starts w/ dementia, linked to low ATC
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Heritability
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statistical estimate of the percentage of the variability of a trait within a group that is attributed to genetics
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Sensory Neuron
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afferent
transmit signals, impulses from sensory receptors to spinal cord and brain |
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Motor Neurons
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efferent
transmit signals from sensory or interneurons to muscle cells that contract of gland cells that secrete |
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Interneurons
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nervous system made up of mainly these, intervene b/t sensory and motor neurons
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Action Potential
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electrical impulse that surges along axon caused by an influx of positive ions in the neuron
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Generalizability
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extent to which a finding applies to a braod range of subject populations and circumstances
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Replication
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process of repeating a study to see if the results are reliabe enough to be duplicated
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Independent Variable
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any variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment
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Dependent Variable
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a variable that is being measure in an experiment
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Independent Variable
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any variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment
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Dependent Variable
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a variable that is being measure in an experiment
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Experimental Group v Control Group
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experimental: any condition of an experiment where participats are exposed to an IV
control: group not exposed to IV |
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Random Assignment
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procedure of assigning participants to conditions of an experiment in an arbitrary manner
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Double Blind
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study where both investigator and participant are unaware of which group is control v experimental
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Reliability
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extent to which a test yields consistent results over time or using atlernate forms
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Validity
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extent to which a test measure or predicts what it is designed to
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Parenting Styles
a. high/high b. high warmth/ low control c. low warmth/ high control d. low warmth/ low control |
a. authoritative (OPTIMAL)
b. authoritarian c. permissive d. neglectful |
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Illusion of Control
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tendency for people to believe that they can control chance events that mimic skill situations
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Framing Effect
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biasing effects on decision making based on way in which a choise is worded
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Anchoring
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tendency to use an initial value as an "anchor" or reference point in making a new numerical estimate
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Representative Heuristic vs Availability Heuristic
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representative: tendency to estimate likelihood of an event in terms of how typical it seems
availability: tendency to estimate likelihood of an event in terms of how easily instances of it can be recalled |
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Belief Perseverance
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clinging to beliefs even if wrong or discredited
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Confimation Bias
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look for evidence supporting beliefs
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Mental Set
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returning to problem solving strategy that worked in past
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Incubation
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better at solving problems after taking a break , allowing it to "incubate"
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Algorithm v Heuristic
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algorithm: systematic, step-by-step strategy guaranteed to produce solution, time consuming, not always available
heuristic: rule of thumb. allows one to make judgements fast, often wrong |
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Prototype
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a "typical" member of a category, one that has most of the defining features of that category
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Concept
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mental grouping of persons, ideas etc that share common properties
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Chunking
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process of grouping distinct bits of info into larger wholes or chunks to increase STM. easier in context
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Capacity STM
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7 items + or - 2
18-20 seconds |
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Serial Position Effect/Primacy-Recency Effect
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u shaped curve, tendency to recall more items from beginning & end of list than middle
performance spike in middle when distinctive item embedded in monotonous list ( ie platapus) |
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Unconditioned Response
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(CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) an unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus ( ie salivation)
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Classical Conditioning
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(PAVLOV) type of learning where organism comes to associate one stimulus with another
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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stimulus that triggers unconditioned response (ie food)
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Conditioned Stimulus
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neutral stimulus that comes to evoke classically conditioned resposne (ie bell)
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Conditioned Response
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learned response to a classically conditioned stimulus ( ie salivation)
most of the time same as unconditioned response |
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Operant Conditioning
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(SKINNER) organisms behave in ways that produce desirable outcomes (reinforcement)
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Punishment
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any stimulus that decreases likelihood of prior response ( aversive conditioning, omission training)
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Reinforcement
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any stimulus that strengthens likelihood of prior response
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Recall v Recognition
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recog easier, many choose over recall
recall ie essay recong ie multiple choice |
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Interference
a. proactive b. retroactive |
a. PROactive: prior info inhibits ability to recall something new
b. RETROactive: new info disrupts memory of previously learned info |
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Transduction
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process by which energy converted into electrical impulses
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Absolute Threshold
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smallest amount of stimulation which can be detected 50% of the time
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Just Noticeable Difference/ Difference Threshold
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smallest amount of change that can be detected in stimulus, 50% of time
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Weber's Law
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principle JND of stimulus is constant proportion despite variations in intensity (except at extremes)
higher stimulus --> more change needed to feel difference |
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Sensory Adaptation
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sensory stimuli can be prioritized by brain
brain prefers novel stimuli |
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Social Learning Theory
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(BANDURA) observational learning: learning that takes place when one observes and models behavio of others
process of modeling: attention and retention (aquisition) , reproduction and motivation (performance) |
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CAT Scan
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. x-ray beams pass through head, creates images of brain and show structure
b. show structure, low radiation, low scanning time c. doesnt show function or soft tissues, radioation, cant highlight any particular organ/tissue |
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MRI
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. uses detenction of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in magnetic field
b. provides structural view, non invasive, image can be created in any direction c. claustrophobia, no movable metal parts |
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fMRI
a. decription b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. detects changes in blood flow to particular area
b. provides anatomical and functional view, fast, high resolution, easy to identify regions of activation c. can only see activation through comparison, remain stil |
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PET scan
a. description b. advantage c. disadvantage |
a. radioactive material injected or inhaled detected when material gets to bloodstream and goes to areas that use it (oxygen and glucose accumulate in active areas)
b. functional view, effective in diagnosing early stages of disorders, distinguish b/t benign and malignant tumors c. radioactive substance |
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EEG
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electrical activity on surface of the brain, brain waves
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Sensation & Perception
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Sensation: process by which senses receive info
perception: process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensation |
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical messengers in the nervous system that transmit information by crossing the synapse from one neuron to another
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Acetylcholine
a. role b. too little causes c. to much causes |
a. movement; muscle function
b. Dementia (Alzheimers) c. Convulsions |
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Dopamine
a. role b. too little c. too much |
a. movement; sensory processes; cognition
b. tremors (Parkinson's) c. hallucinations/delusions (Schitzophrenia) |
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Endorphins
a. role b. too little c. too much |
a. inhibit pain; good feelings
b. stress, pain c. Euphoria; dependence |
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GABA
a. role b. too little c. too much |
a. inihibitory neuron transmitter involved in visual processing
b. visual deficits, anxiety disorders c. sedation |
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Norepinephrine
a. role b. too little c. too much |
a. memory; learning " fight or flight" reaction
b. depression c. anxiety |
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Serotonin
a. role b. too little c. too much |
a. mood & sleep regulation
b. depression, aggression c. mood problems |
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Substance P
a. role b. too little c. too much |
a. transmit pain info
b. lack of sensitivity to tissue damage c. pain, stress |
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Reuptake
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reabsorption of neurotransmitter from the synapse after it has been released
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Anterograde v Retrograde Amnesia
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ANTErograde: inability to store new information in LTM
RETROgrade: inability to retrieve LTM from past |
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Context v State-Dependent memory (Encoding Specificity)
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context: retrieving memory when in same situation in which info obtained (place, external)
state: retrieving when in same state of mind, mood invoking memories (internal) |
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Iconic Memory
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fleeting sensory momry for visual images, lasts only fraction of a second
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Echoic Memory
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brief sensory memory for auditory input, lasts 2-3 sec
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Plasticity v Neural Genesis
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plasticity: capacity to change as result of experience (brain)
neurogenesis: production of new brain cells |
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Limbic System
a. funtion b. major parts |
a. provides increased capacity for motivation, emotional responses, forms of leaning and memory (four Fs)
b. Thalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus |
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Cerebral Cortex
a. function b. major parts |
a. involved with most consious activities
b. lobes: frontal, occipital, parietal, temperal |
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Brainstem
a. function b. major parts |
a. vital involuntary actions
b. medulla, cerebellum, pons, reticular formation |
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Language Centers
a. major parts b. function of parts |
a. broca's area, wernicke's area
b. broca: directs muscle movements in PRODUCTION of speech wernicke: involved in COMPREHENSION of language |
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Aquisition
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formation of learned response to stimulus through presentation of US or reinforcement
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Extinction
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elimination of learned response by removal of US or reinforcement
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Spontaneous Recovery
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reemergence of an extinguished CR after rest period
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Generalization
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tendency to respond to stimulus that is similar to CS
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Discrimination
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ability to distinguish b/t different stimuli (in classical and operant conditioning)
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Dissociation
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a division of consciousness that permits one part of the minid to operate independently of another part
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Cocktail Party Effect
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ability to attend selectively to one person's speech in the midst of competing conversation
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Gestalt Principles of Perception
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school of thought rooted in idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts (sensation, perception)
closure continuity proximity similarity common fate |
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Monocular & Binocular Depth Cues
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Monocular (one eye): relative size, texture gradiant, linear perspective, interposition, atmospheric perspective, relative elevation, familiarity
Binocular: retinal disparity, convergence |
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Physiological v Psychological Dependence
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physiological: condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well-being or relief from negative emotions
physiological: physical dependence where drug needed to prevent withdrawal |
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Sleep Disorder
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apnea: person stops breathing during sleep
RBD: muscles not paralyzed during REM, can cause person to act violently narcolepsy: sudden attacks of REM during day insomnia: inability to fall asleep, stay asleep |
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Freud Theories
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all ppl are unconsciously motivated to satisfy sexual and aggressive urges
manifest content: conscious dream content that is remembered in the morning latent content: unconscious, censored meaning of a dream |
