Psych 7A: Chapter 9

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Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of

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thinking

Front 2

Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification.
Which specialty area does this research best represent?

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cognitive psychology

Front 3

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people is a(n)

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concept

Front 4

A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n)

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prototype

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Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely
resembles their mammal

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prototype

Front 6

In testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a
problem-solving approach known as

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trial and error

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Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called

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algorithms

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Heuristics are

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simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently.

Front 9

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that “it's always best to stick with your first
answer.” Anika's decision best illustrates the use of

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heuristic

Front 10

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called

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insight

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The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions is called

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confirmation bias

Front 12

Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the
successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be
facilitated by

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confirmation bias

Front 13

Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are
designed to avoid

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fixations

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A mental set is a

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tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

Front 15

When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of
using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates

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functional fixedness

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Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as a
temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates

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functional fixedness

Front 17

Because Ken is 6' 6", people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his school's basketball team. This
mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of

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the representativeness heuristic

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Emotion-laden images of unusual but vivid cases of abducted children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated
fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of

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availability heuristic

Front 19

Steve was sure he answered at least 70 questions correctly on his biology test. In fact, he was right on only 55 items.
Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates

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overconfidence

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Weather forecasters typically avoid overconfidence when making weather predictions because they

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promptly receive clear feedback on their accuracy.

Front 21

It is very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self-image. This best illustrates the
importance of

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belief perserverance

Front 22

Experienced chicken sexers can tell you a chick's sex at a glance, yet cannot tell you how they do it. Their acquired
expertise is such an automatic habit that it feels like

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intuition

Front 23

People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10,000 people feel more frightened than if told
the fatality risk is one-tenth of 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of

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framing

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In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints
are especially likely to be aware of

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the framing effect

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U.S. employees who formerly wanted to defer part of their compensation to a 401(k) retirement plan typically had to
lower their take-home pay as they “opted in” to the plan. Now companies are being encouraged to enroll their
employees in the 401(k) plan automatically while allowing them to choose to raise their take-home pay by “opting out”
of the 401(k) plan. Under the “opt-out” rather than “opt-in” system, enrollments in 401(k) plans soared. This best
illustrates the impact of

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framing

Front 26

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute

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language

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Phonemes are

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the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.

Front 28

When Fred pronounced the words “this” and “that,” he noticed that they share a common

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phoneme

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The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called

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morphemes.

Front 30

In the words “lightly,” “neatly,” and “shortly,” the “ly” ending is a(n)

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morpheme.

Front 31

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, “Can you please a ride to the airport me give?” This visitor
has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.

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syntax

Front 32

The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called

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receptive language

Front 33

The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called

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babbling

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Two-year-old Dirk's sentences—“Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone”—are examples of

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telegraphic speech

Front 35

According to Chomsky, the fact that young children generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before
suggests that

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language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement.

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Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn

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language acquisition device.

Front 37

Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during

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childhood

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After she suffered a stroke, Mrs. Jacobitz had so much difficulty speaking that she had to communicate by writing. This
suggests that her brain damage occurred in

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Broca's area

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The part of the left temporal lobe that is involved in understanding language is known as

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Wernicke's area

Front 40

Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis?

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The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs

Front 41

Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue. This
best illustrates the influence of

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language on thinking.

Front 42

The women's basketball team at the University of Tennessee improved in free-throw shooting after practicing

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mental imagery

Front 43

Great apes, dolphins, and elephants have demonstrated self-awareness by

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recognizing themselves in a mirror.

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Research on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot

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grammatically order language symbols as well as most 3-year-old children.