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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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a persons charachteristic patterns of behaving, thinkin n feelin, basis to compare n contrast ppl
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Freuds psychoanalytic view of personality
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his theory and therapy for treating psychological disorders involves percedures such as dream analysis n free association
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conscious
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thoughts, feelins, sensations, memories of which person is aware at any given moment
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preconscious
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(long term memories)thoughts, feelins,n memories of which a person is NOT consciously aware but that may easily be brought to consciousness
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unconsciousness
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instincts, wishes, desires, n repressed memories that r kept from the conscious level; primary motivatin force of human behavior
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personality structure: id
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primitive, instinct-driven, child-like(selfish side-Demands instant gratification, seeks pleasure, avoids pain, completely unconscious
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personality structure: ego
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the mediator or referee, balances id's desires with realities of the world (social environment)
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personality structure: superego
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the "conscious", concerned with moral, legal, societal rules
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defense mechanisms
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anciety results from conflicts between the three structures, unconscious ______ ________ reduce anxiety
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types of defense mechanisms
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Repression:mostcommon1Eliminatpainful material from awareness (unable to recall it consciously)Denial: rejecting the reality of an event that affects the person negatively Projection: attributing undesirable personal traits or feelins to someone else(when ur guilty u blame someone else)
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psychosecual stages
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based on anatomical focus of sexual urges (pleaure); shifts from one area to another
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Fixation (psychosexual stage)
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arrested development at anys tage because of excessive gratification or frustration
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Oral Stage
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birth to one year, -mouth is primary source of pleasure (suckin, bitin, n weanin)
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Oral fixation
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excessive preoccupation with oral activities-eatin, drinkin, smokin, nail bitin, etc.
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Anal stage
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1-3 years, potty training, "control" issues, fixation:and expulsive-sloppy or unorganized anal retentive personality (controlling)
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Phallic stage
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stage 3-5/6, discovery of genitals, sexual attraction to opposite sex parent
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Oedipus complex
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(boys) occurs in the phallic stage when boy is in love with his ma n identifies w/her more then dad, feels jealous of father, boys ego represses his desires, complex is resolved when he begins to identify more with father
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Latency Stage
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5-6 years to puberty, period of relative calm
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Genital Stage
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from puberty on, sexual reawakening; focus of sexual energy shifts to opposite sex 9for majority people)
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personal unconscious
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material we can easily bring to our awareness, includin past experiences, thoughts, repressed memories, wishes, etc.
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collective unconscious
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historical, ancestral memories shared by all people; universal experiences of humankind such as dreams, religious beliefs, etc.
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inferiority complex
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person has exaggerated n pathological feelings of weakness n believes that its impossible 2 overcome difficulties through personal effort
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learning theory/view of personality
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based on work of skinner-Behavior is determined by learnin from environmental consequences
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reciprocal determinism
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behavior, environmental consequences, n cognitive factors (such as beliefs n expectations) interact w/eachother to determine personality
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self efficacy
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perception a person has of his/her own ability to perform a particular task competently
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locus of control-internal vs. external
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Cognitive factor that explains how people account for what happens to them People believe eith that they are in control of their behavior n consequences (internal locus)of that what happens to them is outside of their contol(externalLocus)
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humanistic views of personality
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aka phenomenological theories, optimistic view of human behavior, ppl r assumed 2 hav natural tendencies toward growth n achievin their potential, diff. 2 test
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hierarchy of needs
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developed by abraham maslow,must meet basic needs first, then higher-level needs, finally achievin the highest need termed "self-actualization"
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diff. types of hierarchy needs
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psysiological, safety, love/belongin, esteem, n self actualization needs
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self actualization
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Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity, problem solvin, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
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trait theory/view of personality
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attempts to explain diff. between ppl in terms of stable personality ______, they dont explain if or how personality can be affected be experience
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5 factor trait theory
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5 personality dimensions that span cultures, theory is somewhat helpful in predicting general trends in behavior, too general to predict behavior in a specific situation
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personality assessment/inventories
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observation, interviews, rating scales, inventories, projective tests
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MMPI-2 (what it determines) Clinical Scales
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determines hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity/feminity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, social introversion
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MMPI
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Yields a personality profile and evidence of various psychiatric disorders-is used to screen n diagnose, most used, high reliability
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projective personality tests
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subject responds to vague, ambiguous stimuli, Rorschach inkblot test, TAT test, sentence completion test, often not reliable so validity is questionable
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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10 inkblots, tells what it lookslike n what aspect of the blot triggered that response, assumed to reveal unconscious functioning and psychiatric disorders
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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has 30 vague drawings, subject is asked to describe what is happening in each pic
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Freud
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Psychoanalysis; psychosexual stages of development
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jung
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Personal unconscious; archetypes
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Adler
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Inferiority complex; theory of "individual psychology"
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Horney
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stated that need for security is prime motivating factor, her work centered on 2 themes: feminine psychology n the neurotic personality
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Bandura
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Social learning/social cognitive theory; reciprocal determinism
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Maslow
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The hierarchy of needs
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Rogers
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Person/client-centered therapy; unconditional positive regard
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Social psychology
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very broad field-study of how the actual imagined or implied presence of others influences the behavior of the individual, also the study of structure of human interactions
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attribution-situational vs. dispositional
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how u explain ur behavior or sum1 elses,___________ cause is external to the person whose behavior is bein explained,_____________ cause that is internal (personality, motivational, emotional or intellectual factors
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actor-observer affect
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tendency 2 attribute one's own behavior 2 situational factors n the bahvior of others to dispositional factors
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ex. of actor-observer affect
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when someone is driving badly n we blame it on their personality traits like they r stupid or sumthin
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self observing bias
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tendency to attribute ones own successes to dispositional causes n ones own failure to situational causes
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ex of observing bias
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if u get a bad grade on a test u blame it on the fact that u didnt have enough time to study
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comformity
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their are 4 major factors affecting ones likelihood of conforming: size, ambiguity, perceived expertise, and presence
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aschs study
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in original experiment, used a group of 8, each was asked to identify the matching line only one actual or naive subject, 37% of the time everyone conformed to a wrong answer
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obediance
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necessary for the survival of a culture, but blind obediance is often dangerous
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milgrams study
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each person was given a role as a teacher or learner and if the learner got the answer wrong the teach would give them a "shock" 25 out of 40 teachers gave the entired set of shocks
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prosocial behavior
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behavior that benefits others (helpin cooperations, etc)
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altruism
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bahavior aimed at helpin another requires some self sacrafice n isnt performed for personal gain
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bystander effect
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studied the number of bystanders as an emergency increases the probability that any of them will help decrease
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diffusion of responsibility
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if responsibility for responding is shared among many individuals, each individual feels less responsible for acting than if they were alone
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