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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is psychology? |
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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What are psychology's 4 goals? |
1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control |
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Functionalism |
James, how people work, play and adapt to their surroundings |
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Gestalt psychology |
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" focuses on whole patterns rather than small pieces of them |
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Psychoanalysis |
Freud, the revealing of unconscious conflicts |
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Behaviorism |
Watson, science of behavior, only focus on observable behavior |
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What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method? |
1. Perceiving the Question 2. Forming a Hypothesis 3. Testing the Hypothesis 4. Drawing Conclusions 5. Report Your Results |
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Observer Effect |
animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally |
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Observer Bias |
the person doing the observing has an opinion about what they expect to see |
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What is the benefit of a case study? |
More detail |
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Population |
entire group in which the researcher is interested |
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Representative Sample |
a randomly selected number of a population meant to represent that population |
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Correlation
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measure of the relationship between two or more variables, has magnitude and direction |
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Experiment |
The only method that will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior |
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operational definition |
specifically names the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment
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Variable that is manipulated in any experiment |
Independent Variable |
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Variable that responds to the changes in an experiment |
Dependent Variable |
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Placebo Effect |
The expectations and biases of the participants in a study can influence their behavior |
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Experimenter Effect |
Experimenters influence on the result when they have expectations about the outcome
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Single-Blind Study |
participants are blind to the treatment they receive |
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Double-Blind Study |
neither the participants nor the person measuring the dependent variable know what treatment they recieve |
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List some ethical guidelines for doing research with people |
1. Rights and well-being of the participants must be weighed against the study's value to science 2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation 3. Deception must be justified 4. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time 5. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks 6. Investigators must debrief participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of the results 7. Data must remain confidential 8. If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the researcher is responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting, these consequences |
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Critical thinking |
making reasoned judgements |
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Name the parts of neuron and their functions |
Dendrites- receive information from all over the body Soma- cell body, keeps cell alive and decides what information is important Axon- transmits the information Myelin- speeds the transmitting and insulates the axon Axon terminals- communicate with other nerve cells, neurotransmitters |
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Neurotransmitters |
inside a neuron, transmit messages |
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Seratonin |
Excitatory or inhibitory, involved in sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite
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Endorphins |
Inhibitory neural regulators, involved in pain relief |
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Reuptake |
way the neurotransmitters get back into the synaptic vesicles |
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What structures are in the Central Nervous System? |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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What is the difference between afferent neurons, efferent neurons and interneurons? |
afferent- carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord efferent- carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands interneurons- connect the afferent neurons to the motor neurons and make up spinal cord |
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Neuroplacity |
the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma |
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What is the difference between the the somatic and autonomic nervous system? |
somatic- carries messages from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body autonomic- more or less automatic, everything else, i.e. organs, glands, and involuntary muscles |
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What are the two parts of the spinal cord? |
Sympathetic "fight or flight" and parasympathetic "eat-drink-rest" |
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Endocrine glands secrete... |
hormones |
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What the the pituitary gland? |
"master gland," controls or influences all other endocrine glands, i.e. pregnancy and water levels in the body |
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What does the pineal gland do? |
secretes melatonin |
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What does the thyroid gland do? |
regulates growth and metabolism
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What does the pancreas do? |
controls the level of blood sugar in the body
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What do the gonads do? |
sex glands, ovaries/testes, regulate sexual behavior and reproduction |
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What do the adrenal glands do? |
on on top of each kidney, deal with stress, regulate salt intake, provide secondary source of sex hormones
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Medulla
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top of the spinal column, controls life-sustaining functions |
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Pons |
above the medulla, relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex, SLEEP |
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Reticular formation |
directs our attention |
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Cerebellum |
muscle memory, coordination |
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Thalamus
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language, learning, relay center of all incoming sensory info except smell, "traffic cop" |
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Hypothalamus |
survival reflexes, fight or flight, appatite, sex drive, 4 "F's" |
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Hippocampus |
memory, mostly autobio info |
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Amygdala |
emotion, every aspect |
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Occipital lobe |
back, vision info |
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Parietal lobe |
touch info, temp, pressure, pleasure, pain |