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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is psychology?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

What are psychology's 4 goals?

1. Describe


2. Explain


3. Predict


4. Control

Functionalism

James, how people work, play and adapt to their surroundings

Gestalt psychology

"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"


focuses on whole patterns rather than small pieces of them

Psychoanalysis

Freud, the revealing of unconscious conflicts

Behaviorism

Watson, science of behavior, only focus on observable behavior

What are the 5 steps of the Scientific Method?

1. Perceiving the Question


2. Forming a Hypothesis


3. Testing the Hypothesis


4. Drawing Conclusions


5. Report Your Results

Observer Effect

animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally

Observer Bias

the person doing the observing has an opinion about what they expect to see

What is the benefit of a case study?

More detail

Population

entire group in which the researcher is interested

Representative Sample

a randomly selected number of a population meant to represent that population

Correlation

measure of the relationship between two or more variables, has magnitude and direction

Experiment

The only method that will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior

operational definition

specifically names the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment

Variable that is manipulated in any experiment

Independent Variable

Variable that responds to the changes in an experiment

Dependent Variable

Placebo Effect

The expectations and biases of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Experimenter Effect

Experimenters influence on the result when they have expectations about the outcome

Single-Blind Study

participants are blind to the treatment they receive

Double-Blind Study

neither the participants nor the person measuring the dependent variable know what treatment they recieve

List some ethical guidelines for doing research with people

1. Rights and well-being of the participants must be weighed against the study's value to science


2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation


3. Deception must be justified


4. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time


5. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks


6. Investigators must debrief participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of the results


7. Data must remain confidential


8. If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the researcher is responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting, these consequences

Critical thinking

making reasoned judgements

Name the parts of neuron and their functions

Dendrites- receive information from all over the body


Soma- cell body, keeps cell alive and decides what information is important


Axon- transmits the information


Myelin- speeds the transmitting and insulates the axon


Axon terminals- communicate with other nerve cells, neurotransmitters



Neurotransmitters

inside a neuron, transmit messages

Seratonin

Excitatory or inhibitory, involved in sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite


Endorphins

Inhibitory neural regulators, involved in pain relief

Reuptake

way the neurotransmitters get back into the synaptic vesicles

What structures are in the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the difference between afferent neurons, efferent neurons and interneurons?

afferent- carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord


efferent- carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands


interneurons- connect the afferent neurons to the motor neurons and make up spinal cord

Neuroplacity

the ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma

What is the difference between the the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

somatic- carries messages from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body


autonomic- more or less automatic, everything else, i.e. organs, glands, and involuntary muscles

What are the two parts of the spinal cord?

Sympathetic "fight or flight" and parasympathetic "eat-drink-rest"

Endocrine glands secrete...

hormones

What the the pituitary gland?

"master gland," controls or influences all other endocrine glands, i.e. pregnancy and water levels in the body

What does the pineal gland do?

secretes melatonin

What does the thyroid gland do?

regulates growth and metabolism

What does the pancreas do?

controls the level of blood sugar in the body

What do the gonads do?

sex glands, ovaries/testes, regulate sexual behavior and reproduction

What do the adrenal glands do?

on on top of each kidney, deal with stress, regulate salt intake, provide secondary source of sex hormones

Medulla

top of the spinal column, controls life-sustaining functions

Pons

above the medulla, relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex, SLEEP

Reticular formation

directs our attention

Cerebellum

muscle memory, coordination

Thalamus

language, learning, relay center of all incoming sensory info except smell, "traffic cop"

Hypothalamus

survival reflexes, fight or flight, appatite, sex drive, 4 "F's"

Hippocampus

memory, mostly autobio info

Amygdala

emotion, every aspect

Occipital lobe

back, vision info

Parietal lobe

touch info, temp, pressure, pleasure, pain