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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is development? *How does Moshman distinguish development from learning.
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Development is a process of change, but not all changes are developmental. Development vs Learning : example. developmental change : attaining sexual maturity in the course of reaching puberty. Learning: knowing to stop on red, go on green. Developmental changes are extended, self-regulated, qualitative, & PROGRESSIVE.
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What are the three basic processes of development? Are they independent of one another?
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Biological ( Physical changes)
Cognitive (Changes in thought & Intelligence) Socioemotional (Changes in relationships, emotion, personality, and social context) They are not completely independent of one another. |
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How can adolescence be defined in terms of the periods of human development?
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Period of human development that occurs between beginning of puberty and adulthood.
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Describe two sub-periods of adolescence.
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Early/Middle Adolescence - Puberty (Middle School/Junior High School)
Late Adolescence - Identity, dating, & career |
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What marks the transition into adolescence?
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Growth spurt
Hormonal changes Sexual maturation Increases in abstract, idealist, & logical thinking Quest for independence Conflict with parents Increased desire to spend more time w/ peers Convo w/ friends becomes more intimate |
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What key features and changes characterize the transition beyond adolescence ("emerging adulthood")/ Is the new "emerging adulthood" period universal?
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18-25 yrs old
Identity exploration (work & love) Instability Feeling in-between Self focused Age of possibilities (life transformations) It is not universal - culturally different Becoming an Adult : In US typically semi perm, full time job, economic independence, self responsibility (In developing countries it is marriage) |
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What factors contribute to "resilience" (successful adulthood despite adversity)?
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Intelligence
High-quality parenting Mid or above SES |
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What are three important issues in the study of adolescence?
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1.) Nature & Nurture (Genetics vs Environment)
2.) Continuity & Discontinuity (Is change gradual or sudden - as in stages?) 3.) Early & later experience (Which are more important in development) |
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What developmental processes do the "nature" or nativist theorists of adolescence emphasize? Do all theorists agree with that emphasis?
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Nativist theorists emphasize the biological developmental process the most. Not all theorists agree with this emphasis.
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What is the continuity-discontinuity distinction?
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Continuity vs discontinuity in development refers to the question of whether development is solely and evenly continuous, or whether it is marked by age-specific periods. Continuity development describes development as a relatively smooth process, without sharp or distinct stages, through which an individual must pass. Meanwhile, discontinuous development describes development as a series of discrete stages, each of which is characterized by at least one task that an individual must accomplish before progressing to the next stage.
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What famous theorist championed the importance of early experience? Is there evidence that later experience can also be important?
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Sigmund Freud
Yes. Later experience doctrine - example Alice Walker. |
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What is a "context" of adolescent development?
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A setting or frame of view. Example "historical context" - views of adolescence in history.
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What impressions of adolescence are evident in classical Greek thought (Plato,Aristotle)? In the Middle Ages? In the Enlightenment era (Rousseau)?
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Classical Greek - Plato & Aristotle focused on development of reasoning & self determination in youth.
Middle Ages - Adolescents viewed as miniature adults Enlightenment Era - Rousseau stated that adolescents were different from adults |
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What are impressions of adolescence in the 20th century? Inventionist view? Hall's view? Mead's view? Mead's critics?
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[G. Stanley] Hall's [Father of Adolescence & follower of Darwin] View - Storm & Stress view (Nature) Adolescence is filled with conflicts and mood swings.
[Margaret] Mead's View - SocioCultural view (Nurture) Adolescence is the product of culture. Not biological. Mead's Critics - Allowed ideology to bias her report. Inventionist View - Adolescence is something fabricated. A social & historical creation. A product of school, work, economics, & legislation to exclude youth from employment & require secondary schooling. |
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What is a stereotype? What, in *Piaget's assimilation-accommodation terms, can be deleterious about a stereotype?
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Stereotype - Generalization that reflects impressions & beliefs about a broad category of people. Lazy schema.
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What is Adelson's "adolescent generalization gap"?
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Refers to generalizations that are based on information about a limited, often highly visible group of adolescents.
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Does adolescent "acting out" necessarily signify hostility to parental standards?
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?
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If the stereotype offered by Mead is inaccurate, does it follow that opposite stereotype, offered by Hall, is accurate? What does Offer's research suggest about Hall's view?
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Does not mean Hall's view is accurate. Research suggests something in between (both nature & nurture).
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Define "the millennials" as a cohert. What are their two main characteristics?
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Generation born after 1980.
-Increasingly tolerant & open-minded -Increased use of technology |
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What is a theory in the ordinary sense? What is a scientific theory?
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A "hunch" or "notion". Scientific Theory - more systematic/coherent. (def). Inter-related coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and make predictions.
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What does the scientific method involve?
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- Conceptualize a process or problem
- Collect research information (data) - Analyze data - Draw conclusions |
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What "grand" theorist/approach relevant to adolescence emphasizes BIOLOGICAL and SOCIOEMOTIONAL more than cognitive (at least conscious, rational cognitive) processes?
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Sigmund Freud - Neo-Psychoanalytic connections to Modern Themes.
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What "grand" theorists/approaches relevant to adolescence emphasize COGNITIVE processes?
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Piaget, Vygotsky, Information Processing (Siegler)
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What "grand" theorist/approach is emphatically non-cognitive? How is Bandura more eclectic?
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Skinner
Bandura - Behavior, environment, & personal/cognitive factors all affect development reciprocally. |
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What "grand" theorist tries to systematize "nurture" or environmental influences?
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Bronfenbrenner (ecological contextual theory)
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What processes & issue stances does Freud's theoretical approach emphasize?
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Developmental Processes:
-Emphasis on emotions from biological drives. (Socioemotional processes from sexual drives) - Cognitive processes bent by unconscious, irrational motives (ego scarcely controls id, superego) Developmental Issues: - Nature (biological - but also parental/nurture) - Discontinuity (Psychosexual stages) - Early Experience |
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How do cognitive processes (or conscious, rational thinking) fare in Freud's theory?
Is the conscious mind like the tip of an iceberg? |
- Cognitive processes are bent by the unconscious, irrational motives (ego scarcely controls id(unconscious))
-Yes/kinda. Most of personality is below our level of awareness. |
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What are Freudian slips?
Defense mechanisms (regression/Blos, repression/Anna Freud)? Is the use of defense mechanisms necessarily unhealthy? |
Defense Mechanisms - Unconscious methods of distorting reality that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety.
Can be unhealthy but also can allow us to adapt & function normally. |
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How do revisionist neo-psyhoanalytic theories anticipate modern themes in psychology?
Anna Freud & Bowlby/attachment theory? Erikson & positive psychology? |
Anna Freud - unconscious (repressed?) desire for early "love object" guides adolescent desire [cf. internal working models]
Bowlby/Attachment Theory - |
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How did Erikson revise Freud's theory, & what adolescent issue did Erikson emphasize?
Generally, in what ways has Freud's theory been criticized? |
Erikson said develop in psychosocial stages, in contrast to psychosexual stages. Primary motivation not sex but social. Emphasized developmental change throughout human lifespan (8 stages) - each with crisis that must be faced. [less reductionistic, more "cognitive" & positive] [Identity/achievement vs identity confusion/diffusion]
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What developmental process does Piaget's theory emphasize?
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Piaget - Cognitive Developmental Theory (4 Stages). Emphasizes nature-nurture interaction. Assimilation & Accommodation.
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What was Piaget's stance on the continuity-discontinuity issue?
Nature vs Nurture? Early vs. Later experience? |
Discontinuity - believed in universal stages
Nature & Nurture - believed interact together Early vs. Later - importance on later experience for reaching hereditary potential |
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What stage, according to Piaget, distinguishes adolescent cognitive ability that from that of childhood?
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Stage of abstract thought "FORMAL OPERATION STAGE" in adolescence.
Abstract, idealistic, logical thinking. |
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How did Vygotsky conceptualize development?
What was his stance on the basic developmental issues? |
(sociocultural cognitive theory)
-Less emphasis on universal stages in development; more relative to tools/skills learned in particular culture -Largely nurture, continuity/quantitative change, later experience stances -Focused on language and social relations |
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How does the information processing approach view development?
What concept did Siegler emphasize? |
- Later experience, continuity (no stages), emphasis on nurture
- Focused on components of learning (perceiving, encoding, processing info) - Siegler emphasized *waves of learning strategies. (perceiving, encoding, representing/interpreting,storing) - More scientific (testable) |
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What are Bronfenbrenner's ecosystems?
Is their influence on the individual direct or indirect? |
Microsystem - Mesosystem - Excosystem - Macrosystem - Chronosystem
smaller to bigger more direct influence in center (Microsystem - peers/family)..... indirect towards outer (Chronosystem - Cultural ideologies) |
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What is a limitation of Bronfenbrenner's theory/approach?
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What are some constructs entailed in Bandura's eclectic orientation?
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Behavior, environment, and personal/cognitive factors all affect development reciprocally.
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What is an example of a "topic-oriented" or (less grand) theory?
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Attribution theory.
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How, in principle, does a theory become more scientific?
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Scientific theory progresses through scientific method. Test ability.
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How can scientific inquiry be characterized?
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Methodical
Empirical Testable Replicable |
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What are some scientific methods of data collection? Limitations?
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observation, surveys/interviews, standardized tests, experience sampling, physiological measures, case studies
time span of research on adolescence - limitation |
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What are some research designs & methods of data analysis?
How do they differ? |
Correlations
Experimental design |
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In terms, of time span of research, what is the distinction between cross-sectional & longitudinal designs?
What are some limitations? |
Cross Sectional - different subjects at different ages
Longitudinal Approach - same subjects over periods of time at different ages |
