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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Environmental cues of depth perception: |
Interposition, relative size, texture gradient, light and shadow |
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Interposition |
Interruption of our views of objects |
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Relative size |
objects far away appear smaller |
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texture gradient |
we see greater detail on nearby objects |
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light and shadow |
the reflection of light indicates depth |
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sensation |
imprint of the environment on our nervous system; stimulation of sensory receptors caused by environment |
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perception |
Interpreted sensory information. conscious experience of stimuli |
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What influences perception? |
the environment, perceptual system, and knowledge |
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Top Down processing |
Perception influenced by higher-level knowledge |
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Bottom Up processing |
perception influenced by surroundings |
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Gestalt Theory |
Atomism: whole objects are greater than the sum of their parts |
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Gestalt perception |
Our mind AUTOMATICALLY orders info in a way that is common, orderly, symmetric, and simple |
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disadvantage of gestalt laws |
they can sometimes lead to incorrect perceptions |
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heuristics |
rules of thumb that provide a best guess solution to a problem |
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Law of similarity |
Similar things appear to be grouped together |
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Law of familiarity |
Things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful are more likely to be grouped together |
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oblique effect |
perceiving horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations |
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what are some elements of Gestalt Perception? |
closure, common fate, symmetry, proximity, continuity, similarity |
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Template theory |
theory that humans store massive # of templates representing e. object that a person has encountered & used to recognize/ identify objects |
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Feature Detection Theory |
Theory that patterns are recognized by detecting their component parts; recognizing pieces and putting them together |
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Mental chronometry |
measuring how long a cognitive process takes |
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how long does it take to make a decision? |
about 1/10th of a second |
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Structuralism |
experience is determined by combining elements of experience called sensations -method |
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Analytic introspection |
participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli |
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classical conditioning |
pair a neutral event with an event that naturally produces an outcome |
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operant conditioning |
shape behavior by reward or punishment |
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What contains mechanisms responsible for most of cognitive functions? |
cerebral cortex |
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Lobes of cerebral cortex |
Frontal-reasoning, motor functioning (mental processes) Parietal- touch, pain (sensations) Temporal- auditory/perceptual processing Occipital- Vision |
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Advantage of ERP |
continuous and rapid measurements |
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disadvantage |
doesn't give precise location |
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attention |
ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations |
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overt attention |
shifting attention from one place to another by moving eyes |
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covert attention |
shifting attention w/o eye movement |
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What is a dichotic listening experiment? |
experiment where different messages are played in each ear |
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Cocktail Party effect |
When one's own name in presented in the unattended ear and they hear it |
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What is the Stroop effect? |
naming the color of the word takes longer and more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color |
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saccades |
rapid movements of the eye from one place to another |
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fixations |
short pauses on points of interest |
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What are illusory conjunctions? |
the false conjoining of features |
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What are properties of sensory memory? |
Holds large amount of info for initial processing, short-lived, fills in blanks |
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Properties of STM |
auditory, visual, semantic |
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What does working memory combine? |
storing and processing
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Working Memory |
Limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of info for complex tasks (such as comprehension) |
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Phonological loop |
verbal and auditory information (used when remembering a phone # or persons name) |
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visuospatial sketchpad |
visual and spatial information (used when solving puzzles, or finding your way around town) |
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physiological approach to coding |
how stimulus is represented by firing of neurons |