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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are peers: |
peers are individuals who are the same age either friends or acquaintances |
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when do peer relationships take on a very salient role |
in adolescence |
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why? |
because peers spend more time in extracurricular activities and they are more autonomous |
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what is the trend in the amount of time that teens spend with their family members from grade 5 to 12 |
the time that they spend with their family membres decrease over time, but it is a slightly different pattern for each teen (but out of the family members, mothers are always the ones that they spend the most time with) |
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what are the different types of peer groups: |
dyads cliques crowds |
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dyad |
group of two people |
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cliques |
6 to 12 people - based on friendship and shared activities they are stereotypically seen as being exclusive but only about half of teens are members of cliques, and girls are more likely to be members of cliques than boys |
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people of the same clique tend to share the same; |
race, SES, and at the begining of adolescence - gender |
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what is a crowd: |
a larger group that is based on shared reputation or stereotyped image there are dyads and cliques within crowds |
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what is the function of crowds: |
provide useful information about the teen's status in the social hierarchie also it facilitates teens of similar interests and social standing to interact with one another |
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what are the two theories for why friends are very similar to each other: |
selection effect (people tend to befriend otheres that have similar interests as them) socialization effect (when we interact with people in a close relationship, we tend to take on some of their mannerisms and characteristics |
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peer relationships is associated to what positive outcomes: |
- allows them to practise developing skills for creating relationships outside of the family - social support - high quality relationships is associated with a decrease in anxiety and depression levels |
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what is the bright side of the new form of communication on social media |
it develops prosocial behaviour of being nice to other people and giving them compliments |
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what are the negative sides of this new form of communication |
some of the comments are ambiguous or rude, and there is stress from putting yourself out there |
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what is one of the dark sides of teen relationships: |
co-rumination (this is when two people think and talk about a negative event that happened to one of the two people) |
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what is one benefit of corumination? |
it leads to increases in feelings of closeness and bonding in the social relationship |
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what is one consequence of corumination? |
it leads to empathic distress |
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what is empathic distress? |
it is when someone else's distress becomes your own |
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co-rumination and empathic distress is associated with what? |
an increased llikelihood that someone will have internalization problems, such as anxiety and depressioon |
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what is the gender ratio of empathic distress |
girls show more empathic distress than boys this could be why they show more internalizing problems than boys |
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why do girls show more empathic distress than boys |
because they engage in more verbal interactions, whereas boys engage in more physical play interactions also because girls have good perspective taking skills |
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what does the reading assigned for today show? |
it shows that mothers engage in co-rumination with their adolsecent children so maybe corumination is socialized in the family, and then teens bring this form of communicating with others into their social relationships |
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what are all of the negativ consequences that can result from peer relationships |
- empathic distress - peer pressure - reinforcing delinquent behaviour |
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what is peer pressure |
the social pressure to conform to group ideas or behaviours |
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who is more likely to drink alcohol |
males and underage drinking is a risk factor for negative outcomes |
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describe the results of the study taht looked at the effect of male traits on peer pressure to drink underage |
they found that in males, scoring higher on masculin traits was associated with an increased likelihood of succumbing to peer pressure to drink but in females, the only masculin trait that was associated with an increased likelyhood to succumb to peer pressure to drink was risk taking |
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what is deviancy |
problem behavior
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who studied deviancy in adolescents? |
Tom Desean |
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what did he do? |
he tried to design a therapy to help deviant boys, it was a group therapy format |
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what was the problem with this therapy? |
experiments showed that two deviant boys reinforced each other's deviant behaviours by positive comments and laughing when deviancy was brought up but in dyads with non deviant boys, talk of deviancy was not rewarded socially so his group therapy put deviant boys together and they ended up increasing eahch other's deviant behaviour because they psoitively reifnorced the idea of it when it was mentioned |
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rule breaking talk was reinforced by laughter, rule breaking talk did predict later deviant behavior |
true |
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what does his failed therapy show |
that you need to combine research and practise
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what is the progression that gives rise to romantic relationships: |
same sex peer groups - lead to co-ed peer groups - lead to group dates - leads to romantic partners |
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girls tend to end up with |
older boys |
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boys tend to end up with |
girls that are the same age as them |
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by the end of adolescence, most teens report that they were in a romantic relationship at some point |
true |
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what are myths about adolescent romantic relationships: |
- they are fleeting and trivial - they are relatively unimportant forms of relationship - they are maladaptive |
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show evidence that disproves: they are fleeting and trivial |
research shows that most teen relationships actually last around 1 year, and their perceptions of their relationship is the same as adult perceptions of their romantic relationship |
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they are relatively unimportant forms of relationship |
counter: romantic relationships contribute to adolescent wellbeing |
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they are maladpative |
counter: actually positive aspects of teen romantic relationships have been documented |
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the bright side: high quality romantic relationships are related to: |
- developping self esteem and competence in relationships - social support - developping autonomy from family members |
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darkside: regardless of quality of romantic relationship they lead to: |
- increase in major depressive disroder - increase conflicts within the family |
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if the relationship quality of the romantic relationship is bad, it can lead to: |
increased risk for sexual victimization and violence |
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what is the selection |
teens high in depressive symtpoms tend to have romantic partneres who are high in depressive symtpoms |
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how do partners's socialize each other,s emotions |
if girls expressed negative emotions they were more likely to have depressive symptoms the following year boys were more likely to have depressive symptoms the following year if they or their romantic partner expressed negative emotions timing matters- how our emotions unfold in real time dynamics have an influence on our social and emotional developmennt |
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Soexpression of negative emotions during these self regulation challenges (suchas conflict conversations) could reflect underlying characteristics of lowquality relationships, which are risk factors for depression in adolescence |
hmmm |
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what are the two kinds of online relationships: |
- people you know in real life (ex: fb) - peoplle you dont know in real life (ex: chat rooms) |
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what are the two kinds of uses of FB |
active use: interacting with other people passive use: monitoring what other people are doing |
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active use for girls is associated with what? |
positive outcomes |
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active use for boys is associated with what? |
depressed mood |
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passive use for girls is associated with what? |
depressed moods (upward social comparisons) |
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passive use for boys is associated with what? |
nothing |
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in general active use is associated with __ depressive symptoms, and passive use is assocaited with lower depressive symptoms (this is the girl trend) |
lower, higher |
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what is a study that could explain the gender differences in the different outcomes for fb use; |
boys who are lonelier tend to show more social network use, girls who are lonelier tend to show less social network use |
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describe the facebook study; |
facebook manipulated people's newsfeeds such that one group saw more happy posts, and the other group saw more sad posts social contageon took place such that it influenced what the people who saw these posts put as their own posts |
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what is one negative side of the emotional contagion of facebook? |
teenagers are more likely to go on facebook, and they are more likely to experience negative emotions, so this could influence negative social contagion by being online
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what is the bright side of online gamming: |
it is related to positive developments (ex: decrease in depressive symptoms) if the online gaming is used for social interactions and connections |
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when is online gaming associated with depressive symptoms? |
when it is motivated by escape tendencies |
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other downsides of internet use: |
-cyberbullying - promoting bad things |
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cyberbullying is: |
online behaviour that is considered a form of harassment or derogation towards another person |
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summary: |
relationships in adolescence are complex and can be related to both positive and negative outcomes the nature of relationships and forms of relationships keep changing |
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now for the readings that go with this week: |
yayyy |
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co-rumination with mothers was associated with: |
adolescents' corumination with friends |
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co-rumination with mother andfriends are BOTH associated with internalizing symptoms (but weaker formother-child co-rumination) |
true |
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what were the results of the study: |
mother-child corumination and anxious/depressive symptoms was mediated by friendship corumination |
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· Co-rumination andself-disclosure with mothers both correlated with friendship co-rumination · But when co-rumination andself-disclosure were simultaneous predictors, only co-rumination with motherswas associated with greater friendship co-rumination |
so basically: only corumination,not self disclosure, was correlated with friendship corumination |
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what are the implications of this study: |
o Mothers who co-ruminate withtheir adolescent children should be aware that they may be modelling acommunication style that, if replicated with friends, could have negativeemotional consequences . |