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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Nicotine (History)

-the only mown natural source of this drug is the tobacco plant, which originated in North and South American and is now used around the world in products manufactured from its dried leaves


-psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, which is a variety of plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family


-smoking this was first linked to cancer by the US surgeon general's report in 1964

Nicotine (mode of preparation)

-absorbed in the form of chewing tobacco, moist snuff, cigar smoke, or bike smoke by intrabuccal administration


-absorbed in the form of dry snuff by intranasal administration


-absorbed in the form of cigarette smoke by inhalation


-new forms of administration have been developed: gum, patch, nasal spray, lozenges, and e-cigarettes

Nicotine (absorption)

-it is a weak base with pKa 8.0, which can be absorbed by intrabuccal administration if delivered in an alkaline smoke vehicle (cigar/pipe smoke- raises pH of saliva to 8.5), but not if it is delivered in an acidic smoke vehicle (cigarette smoke-lowers the pH of saliva to 5.3)


Nicotine (distribution and elimination)

-easily cross the BBB and typically accumulates within the brain throughout the day due to habitual patterns of repeated administration (although its initial concentrations can leave brain after ~30 mins)


-metabolized by enzymes of liver, breaking it down into 2 inactive metabolites (cocaine and nicotine-1'-N-oxide) with a typical half life of 90-150 mins

Constant Blood Level Theory

-theory of nicotine smoking that states smokes attempt to maintain a dose high enough to avoid withdrawal symptoms but below a level that has toxic/aversive effects


-supported by nicotine content effects on titration, with smokers taking deeper and more frequent puffs on low-nicotine cigarettes


-predicts that the first few puffs of a cigarette will be rapid and deep, as the smoker tries to raise blood nicotine levels that have fallen since last smoke

Constant Blood Level Theory

-predicts that smokers will be most motivated to smoke when blood nicotine levels are low after a period without smoking (long sleep)


-contradicted by the low efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, suggesting that additional factors are controlling nicotine intake than just constant nicotine levels


-contradicted by the rising blood nicotine levels seen with each smoke across the day

Nicotine Bolus Theory

-theory of nicotine smoking that states the sudden high level of nicotine that occurs when smoke is first inhaled (bolus) intensifies the pleasure and reinforces its effect


-supported by fact that cigarette smoking is more addictive than other, slower routes of administration


Nicotine Bolus Theory

-theory that cannot be explained by a mechanism of action involving a decrease in desensitization of nicotinic receptors, since they enter a desensitized configuration if they are continuously exposed to high concentrations of an agonist (and nicotine levels typically never drop before the next puff)


Nicotine (Pharmacodynamics and acute body effects)

-agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor


-type of receptor that is blocked by curare (poison on arrow/spears of south american tribes to create paralysis by stopping muscle contractions)


-in the peripheral NS, directly causes neuromuscular and parasympathetic stimulation, and indirectly causes sympathetic stimulation and catecholamine release (NE and DA) in the brain


-constricts blood vessels in the skin- why smokes have cold skin, increased wrinkles, and don't blush easily


Nicotine (Subjective and behavioural effects)

-similar to amphetamine and cocaine because of the high it produces in regular users, and the effects it has on spontaneous motor activity, conditioned behaviour and performance


-has discriminative properties due to effects on the medial prefrontal cortex and the DA mesolimbic pathway


-must be paired with a conditioned stimulus in a 2nd order reinforcement schedule to be reinforcing in animals

Nicotine (Adaptation)

-chronic use of this drug leads to changes in DA and nicotinic receptors


-most of its withdrawal symptoms (decreased alertness, concentration and mood) develop in the first week then gradually decrease 1-6 months (except weight gain from increased eating)

Dual Reinforcement Model

-theory of nicotine smoking that accounts for the ability of non-nicotine stimuli to enhance the reinforcing effects of smoking


-states that nicotine not only stimulates the DA mesolimbic pathway but also enhances the effect of non-nicotine stimuli


-states that the ability of nicotine to enhance the reinforcing properties of tobacco smell/taste makes it a more powerful reinforcer


Coffee

-methylxanthine product that is made from a plant native to Ethiopia, but is now cultivated in Africa, South America and other tropical climates around the world


-made by roasting, grinding and mixing dried berries form coffee bush with boiling water

Tea

-methylxanthine product that is made from a plant native to Asia and is first known to be cultivated/sold commercially in China by 780 CE


-made from leaves of the Camellia sinesis plant by either steaming them raw (green leaves) or by drying and oxidizing them (black leaves)


-contains relatively large amounts of theophylline


Cocoa

-methylxanthine product that is made from a plant native to South America but is now more profitable in Aftica


-made by fermenting, roasting and crushing seeds of the cacao tree


-mixed with sugar to make chocolate


-contains relatively large amounts of theobromine


-contains substances that resemble anandamide and block its metabolism


Caffeine (Mode of preparation)

-best known member of the methylxanthines and it the most widely self-administered drug in the world


-can be found in coffee, tea and cocoa, and added to soft drinks


-typical ingredient in many over-the-counter painkillers, cold remedies, stimulant pills and energy drinks


Caffeine (Subjective & behavioural effects & adaptation)

-similar to amphetamine and cocaine in effects on spontaneous motor activity, conditioned behaviour and performance, but increases respond that has been suppressed by punishment


-chronic use leads to upregulation of adenosine receptors in brain


-withdrawal from this drug causes headaches, increased irritability and flu-like symptoms, and decreased alertness, energy, concentration, feelings of well-being


Turkey Drug

-preparation that appears like a controlled psychoactive drug but instead contains a drug or combination of them that aren't prescribed or controlled substances


-designed to mimic amphetamine or cocaine by containing caffeine in combination with other substances (ephedrine)


Caffeinism

-disorder that causes sensory disturbances, mild delirium and excitement as a result of caffeine intake


-causes agitation, twitching, rambling flow of thoughts/speech, irregular heart rhythm, and inexhaustibility as a result of excessive (>1 gram) caffeine intake


-referred to as caffeine intoxication in DSM-V

Cocaine

-psychomotor drug derived from plant native to South America and extracted from the leaf of the coca bush tree (leaves of this are used in making coca-cola)


-Sigmund Freud proposed this to be useful for treating addictions and depression


-coke-out occurs: acute tolerance to its mood-elevating properties with continuous use


Cocaine

-has the shortest duration of action with half-life of 40-75 mins in normally acidic urine


-acts as a reuptake inhibitor to NE, DA and 5-HT, but not as a monoamine substrate-type releaser of MAO inhibitor


-causes mild depression (dysphoria) called the crash or comedown (20-30 mins after use)


-acts as a local anesthetic



Crack

-form of cocaine: cocaine mixed with solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and heated until it forms crystalline chunks (rocks), then smoked in a pipe


-has greater lipid solubility than regular cocaine since a base is added to it, removing the ionic charge from the cocaine molecules


Amphetamine

-psychomotor stimulant that is a synthetic version of naturally occurring ephedrine herb


-can be synthesized from cold medication containing (pseudo)ephedrine, iodine, hydrochloric acid, ether, and ammonia


-called crystal, ice, or crystal meth when sold in a powder form that's been recrystallized

Amphetamine

-has the longest duration of action, with half life of 7-14 hours in normally acidic urine


-acts as a reuptake inhibitor (primarily to NE, and secondly to DA), a monoamine substrate-type releaser, and an MAO inhibitor


- "speed freak" injects this every few hours for days at a time

Cathinone

-psychomotor simulant derived from plant native to eastern Africa and Southern Arabia, found in the leaves of Catha edulis, also known as khat (Yemen), tscaht (Ethiopia) and miraa (Kenya)


-used primarily in the area where it's grown and not exported elsewhere because it degrades soon after the plant is harvested

Cathinone

-mephedrone is a synthetic version that is often sold over the Internet as plant food or bath salts


-has neither the shortest nor longest duration of action, with half life of ~90 minutes


Psychomotor Stimulant (Pharmacodynamics & acute body effects)

-class of drug, other than antidepressants, that stimulates transmission at synapses that use monoamines (NE, DA, 5-HT)


-directly stimulates EP transmission at sympathetic synapses, mimicking sympathetic arousal

Psychomotor Stimulant (Acute behavioural effects)

-used to treat ADHA and narcolepsy (sleep disorder)


-improves speed, short-term memory, vigilance and attention, but can produce tunnel vision (focussing all attention on one characteristic/event, causing increased chance of missing other things in environment)

Psychomotor Stimulant (Acute behavioural effects)

-high-dose use results in punding: repetitive performance of some act (usually useless) for an extended time


-high-dose can cause monoamine psychosis (indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia)


-high-dose can cause automutilation and formication: sensation of small creatures crawling under skin

Caine Reaction

-disorder that causes death from cocaine overdose


-causes severe headache, nausea, vomiting and severe convulsions, followed by reparatory depressions and cardiac failures