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69 Cards in this Set
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Quasi Experimental Research Design
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A design in which there is no true random assignment
Pro: It's easy Con: Not entirely scientific |
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Cross sectional design
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Samples of participants from several different age groups are studied at the same time
Ex: studying 2, 4 and 6 yearr olds |
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Sequential Design
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a form of research that combines cross sectional and longitudinal design in some way and allows for the comparison of cohorts
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Observational learning
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Learning by watching a model
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Reinforcement (Positive and Negative)
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when a behavior increases it is reinforced
Positive reinforcement - an added stimulus leads to an increase in behavior Negative reinforcement - a removed stimulus leads to an increase in behavior |
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Aslin's 5 Types of Environmental Influence
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1. maturation - no environmental effect
2. maintenance - some environmental input is necessary to sustain a skill or behavior that has already developed maturationally 3. facilitational - when a skill/behavior develops earlier than it normally would become of some experience 4. attunement - an experience increases the ultimate level of a skill or behavior above the normal maturation level 5. induction - pure environmental effect. In the absence of an experience the behavior does not develop |
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Piaget
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cognitive developmentalist. Emphasized childrens actions on the environment are what shapes them. State theorist. The child develops their own beliefs about the way the world works and is based on their active exploration of their environment
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Freud
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Psychoanalytic supporter that believed in the unconscious mind, driven by an instinctual sexual drive called the libido (energy) . Constant drive between the libido and societies demands
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Id
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inborn selfish character of Freud's that is the source of the libido and wants immediate gratification
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Ego
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character of Freud that organizes, plans and keeps person in touch with reality. Mediates between the Id and the superego
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superego
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character of Freud's that is the conscience part of the personality and incorporates societal norms into it's decisions
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Psychosexual Stages
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Freud's stages of development that were strongly influenced by maturation. (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
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Erik Erikson
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Came up with psychosocial stages that were influenced by cultural demands for children at a particular age
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Vygotsky
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Gonitive theorist that came up with scaffolding and the zone of proximal development
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Scaffolding
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Vygotsky's idea that a child's learning of new cognitive skills is guided by someone more skilled than them who models and structures the child's learning experience
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Vygotsky's idea that scaffolding is best achieved when the range of tasks is too hard for the child to do alone but can manage with guidance
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Stanley Hall
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came up with milestones, norms are invariable and inborn. Children should experience things freely. Paved the way for Piaget
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John Watson
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A behaviorist that believed he could mold a child to turn into anything. Behaviorism focuses on conditioning and behavior modification. Strong proponent of nurture
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Frances Horowitz
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helped form the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. General outlines of behavioral development are backed by biology but specific behaviors are influenced by various opportunities. Individual children have different abilities
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Thomas and Chess
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Studied nine behaviors of children and came up with 3 types of temperament : The easy child, difficult child, and the slow to warm up child
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idealism
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everything we experience is of mental nature and we can only have direct immediate knowledge of the contents of our minds
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interactionists
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experience can promote growth. Genes and environment interact together. All people are morally good
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rationalism
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knowledge is inborn
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Klinefelter's syndrome
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a sex chromesome analomie in which boys have an XXX chrome pattern. They have long arms and underdeveloped testes, language and learning disabilities
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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Lack of an enzyme in the kidneys results in the absence in the making of cortisol and alderostone. Symptoms are deformed or abnormal genitals, menstruation. Shorter stature, affects boys and girls
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IVF
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using hormones to stimualte the ovaries to produce mulitple eggs, extracting the eggs and combining them with sperm in a petrie dish. If conception occurs it is implanted in the women's uterus.
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amniocentisis
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Allows for testing of the amniotic fluid for genetic abnormalities. One in 200 result in a miscarriage
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Chronic villus sampling (CVS)
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a catheter is inserted to pull out a sample of placenta which is used to search for genetic defects .Can test for Tay Sachs, and Down's
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (features)
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One or 2 per 1000 births. Smaller than normal brains, physical deformities, heart defects, flat nose bridge, large space between nose and mouth, behavior and cognitive difficulties
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gametes
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sex cells (ovum and sperm) created during meiosis
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teratogens
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substances like viruses or drugs and events that can lead to birth defects
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Fragile X Syndrome
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when the X chromosome has a fragile or damaged spot that can cause mental retardation and autism. It is a sex linked disorder
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Alcohol as a Teratogen
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During neuronal migration if alcohol is present the neurons will overshoot their target resulting in mental retardation
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Radiation as a teratogen
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During neuronal migration if there is radiation exposure the neurons will undershoot their targets which also results in mental retardation
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folic acid
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an important b vitamin that without adequate amounts can lead to neural tube defects like spina bifida. Must have 400 micro grams daily
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Vitamin A
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Too much vitamin A can cause facial, ear, and heart deformities
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sex linked disorders
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usually caused by recessive genes, mailes are more prone to these because they only have one X chromosome where women have 2 and the healthy X can take over the non Healthy X
Examples: red/green color blindness and hemophilia |
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PKU
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baby cannot digest the amino acid phenylalanine causing toxins to build up in the brain and cause mental retardation. If no PKU is digested the baby will be fine. This is an autosome disorder
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Down Syndrome
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Trisomy at chromsome 21. Symptoms are flattened face, slanted eyes, smaller brains, heart defects, mental retardation. Having a child with Down's significantly increases with age when the mother reaches age 35 and if the father is over 40
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Tay Sach's disease
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Autosome recessive disorder usually occurs in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Severe mental retardation and blindness. Death usually occurs by age 3
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sickle cell
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Autosomal disorder affecting people of West African descent. Red blood cell deformities where the cells cannot carry enough oxygen to keep them healthy. With early treatment most people survive
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hemophilia
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A sex linked recessive disorder where the blood cannot clot properly
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monochorionic
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Twins that share the same placenta and are more similar
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dicoryonic
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Twins that have 2 different placenta and end up being less similar than their counterparts
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Fraternal twins
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dizygotic, 2 different sperm. No more alike than any 2 siblings
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identical twins
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monozygotic and are fertilized by the same sperm and for some unknown reason the cell splits into 2
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adoption studies
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when kids become similar to their adoptive parents it shows us that the environment plays a role in development. often twins that are separated will go to 2 different families but the environments will be similar since both families are usually affluent that supply a rich learning environment so the kids turn out similiar. Selective placement. People think genetics make them the same but it could really be do to the similar environment
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dominant/recessive pattern of inheritance
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whena single dominant gene influences a person's phenotype. An individual must have 2 recessive genes to display a recessive trait = hair color
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polygenic inhertiance
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When many genes influence the outcome of the phenotype
ex: skin color |
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mitochondrial pattern on inheritance
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genes passed only from mother to child. (blindess) usually the mother isnt affected
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age of viability
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Age at which the neonate can live outside the womb. Usually at week 24
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Germinal State
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First stage of gestation that starts at conception and ends when the zygote is implanted in the uterus. Lasts from 10 days to 2 weeks. The mass of cells is now called a blastocyte
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Embryonic Stage
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The second state of gestation that starts when implantation is complete and ends when organogenesis is complete (the differentiating of cells into organ systems) Amnion and Chroion develop . Lasts from 2 weeks to 8 weeks
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Amnion
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The inner membrane of the blastocyte which turns into amniotic fluid in which the embyro floats. This happens during the embryonic stage of pregnancy
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Chorion
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When the blastocyte outer layer turns into the placenta and the umbilical cord in the embryonic stage of pregnancy
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Fetal Stage
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The final stage of gestation. From the completion of organogensis to birth. (8 weeks to birth). Refinement of organs
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placenta
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is the liver and kidneys for the embryo until it develops it's own. Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Nutrients are passed through
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homozygous
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when 2 genes at any given locus have the same set of instructions
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heterozygous
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when 2 genes at any give locus have different sets of instructions
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alpha feta proteins
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abnormal levels during pregnancy may be due to fetal birth defects like turner syndrome, spina bifida, or down's
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phenotype
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the expression of a particular gene and the environmental influence
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genotype
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specific set of instructions by an individuals genes
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Role of mom's diet
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Must consume more calories. Malnutrirtion can result in still birth, low birth weight or infant death
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Moms age
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After age 35 there is a higher risk for heart malformations and chromosomal disorders that increase with age
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Moms mental heatlh
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stress can lead to low birth weight and other pregnancy problems. Fetuses of depressed mothers grow more slowly than their counterparts
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Babies States of Consciousness
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(periodic shifts in altertness, crankiness, sleepiness that characterizes an infants behavior
1. deep sleep- eyes closed, regular breathing, no movement, occasional startles 2. active sleep - eyes closed irregular breathing and small twitches 3. quiet awake - eyes open no major body movements regular breathing 4. active awake - eyes open, gross body movements, irregular breathing 5. crying fussing - partly closed eyes, vigourous body movements with crying and fussing |
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Dilation and Effacement
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The first stage of birth where the cervix opens and flattens. Latent phase has easy contractions. Active phase has more intense contractions Transition phase - Really intense contractions
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Delivery
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2nd stage of birth
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Afterbirth
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3rd and final stage of birth which is the delivery of the placenta and other material
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