Psych 317 Exam 2

Front 1

4 Scales of Measurement

Back 1

1) nominal scale

2) ordinal scale

3) interval scale

4) ratio scale

Front 2

Nominal Scale

Back 2

Answers to questions that correspond to behavior or characteristics. Can look to see if people differed on another measure

- what is your gender

- have you ever smoked

- what is you political idealology

Front 3

Ordinal Scale

Back 3

Responses tell us a relative ranking order

- amount of applause given at a concert

- buffalo wild wings spicy chart

Front 4

Interval Scale

Back 4

Tells us the rank order or responses and the difference in between each value

- no true zero

- zero does not mean nothing

- temp

- sea level

- preference questionnaires

Front 5

Ratio Scale

Back 5

Includes everything

- Meaningful distance between numbers

- true zero

- zero means absence

- number correspond to numbers not labels

Examples

- weight

- test scores

- income level

Front 6

Reliability and validity

Back 6

important for studying error variance

help us determine how much we should trust our measure

Front 7

4 Main Causes of Error variance

Back 7

1) Individual difference

2) Situational factors

- room temp

- mood

3) Characteristics of measure

- ease of question understanding

- reactivity

4) Mistakes

- coding answers

-distractions

Front 8

Reliability

Back 8

Whether we get similar answers every time

want the lucky 7's and one 3

= systematic variance / total variance

Front 9

Reliable if

Back 9

Systematic variance / total variance = > 70%

Front 10

3 types of reliability

Back 10

1) test-retest

2) interrater

3) interitem

Front 11

Test-Retest

Back 11

- means that on average a person should score the same

- must test same thing

- reliable if >.7

Front 12

Interrater reliability

Back 12

-Used when we use people to observe people ad code behavior

- must agree on coding

- reliable if >.7

Front 13

Interitem reliability

Back 13

-Used when we have multiple questions to help us measure a behavior

- helps us understand if the items are consistent and if they work as a group

- need to be .3 or higher

- Cronbach's alpha of > .7

Front 14

Validity

Back 14

- refers to the fact that we are measuring what we wanted to see

- test math with math not verbal

Front 15

3 types of validity

Back 15

1) face

2) construct

3) criterion-related

Front 16

Face Validity

Back 16

- on the surface it looks like we are measuring what we want to

-just because it looks like we are doesn't mean we are

- it may look like its not but it might be

- kids and marshmallows for success in life

Front 17

Construct Validity

Back 17

- examines whether one measure relates to other measure

- needed sometimes because we measure things that aren't directly observable like attraction and morality

- can be measured in many ways because it isn't observable directly ( turn signal conscientiousness)

Front 18

Convergent and discriminant validity

Back 18

-should have high correlation with other measures that are similar (convergent)

- should have low correlation with items that are different (discriminant)

Front 19

Criterion-related validity

Back 19

- tells us whether we can predict a behavioral outcome from a measure

-GRE scores predict success in grad school

- physical fitness and health short term (concurrent) long term (predictive)

Front 20

2 types of sampling

Back 20

- probability

- non-probability

Front 21

Probability sampling

Back 21

means that you explain the likelihood (percentage) that any individual has for becoming a participant

Front 22

Random Sampling

Back 22

every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

- costly

- time consuming

- difficult

Front 23

Representative Samples

Back 23

Advantages

- represents the larger pop

- look like the pop only smaller

- should be able to accurately make conclusions and apply to other sample

Disadvantages

- sampling error

- margin of error

Front 24

4 basic types of probability sampling

Back 24

- simple random sampling

- systematic sampling

- stratified random sampling

- cluster sampling

Front 25

Simple random sampling

Back 25

every possible sample from the total pop has the same chance of being selected

- need to know how many are in the pop

Front 26

Systematic sampling

Back 26

- choosing every nth person from a sample

- not every person has the same likelihood of being chosen

Front 27

Stratified Random Sampling

Back 27

- divide the pop into strata before conducting simple random sampling

-sometimes done with proportionate sampling

- helps examine difference across groups

Front 28

Cluster Sampling

Back 28

- before choosing participants, you chose groupings of individuals

- can do this with a multi-stage cluster sampling method

Front 29

Nonprobability Sampling

Back 29

-most psychology use this type of sampling

- we aren't interest in generalizing to a pop, we are more interested in seeing how variables fit together

- don't know probability that an individual was chosen from a pop

Front 30

3 types of non-probability

Back 30

1) convenience

2) quota

3) purposive

Front 31

Convenience Sampling

Back 31

-participants are easy to obtain (psych 101 students)

- makes generalizing more difficult

- makes it easy to test hypotheses

- used because we aren't trying to describe a pop

Front 32

Quota Sampling

Back 32

- convenience sample that ensures certain types of people are included in the study

- number of ours spent on social media, use only people with social media

Front 33

Purposive Sampling

Back 33

- using past research to tell you who to sample

- should not generally be used

- ohio predicting presidency

Front 34

IRB Rules

Back 34

1) consent

2) minimize harm

- deception

3) debriefing

Front 35

IRB Violations

Back 35

- fabrication

- falsification

- plagiarism

- ethical standards

- supressing data

Front 36

Descriptive research

Back 36

- goal is to describe behavior and or characteristics of a pop

- although it helps describe what people think or do it doesn't explain why

- important because it can lead to questions that need to be answered

Front 37

3 types of descriptive research

Back 37

1) survery

2) demographic

3) epidemiological

Front 38

Survey research

Back 38

use questionnaires, interviews or observational methods to ask participants questions

Front 39

3 types of survey research

Back 39

1) cross-sectional

2) successive independent

3) longitudinal

Front 40

Cross-Sectional survey

Back 40

-single group that is supposed to represent the pop

- one shot deal

- two or more different samples complete the same survey at different time points

- individual difference in groups

Front 41

Successive independent

Back 41

Advantages

- lets us examine change over time

Disadvantages

- results could be different depending on the world not because of people changing (history effect)

- 9/11 and patriotism

Front 42

Longitudinal sample

Back 42

surveying the same participants more than once over time

- differences could be due to attrition which is people dropping out of the study of time

Front 43

Demographic Research

Back 43

- describes basic life events of a particular sample/pop

Examples

- changes in birth rated

- divorce

- how many times people move (residential mobility)

Front 44

Epidemiological Research

Back 44

- study of disease and death including mental disorders

- can help psychologists learn if there are certain social groups more or less at risk