Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is science?
|
The study of the natural laws of the world.
*Empirical (measurable data) *Objective *Replicate and Verify *Science can accomplish these goals: -Describe -Explain -Predict -Control (Solve a Problem) |
|
|
What is a research producer?
|
A person who produces information/
*Writes up results that are peer reviewed. |
|
|
What is a research consumer?
|
A person who reads the information that the producer writes.
|
|
|
Define Peer Review
|
Sent to experts in the field who decide whether to accept or reject the manuscript.
* Scientific Report |
|
|
Rational Choice Theory
|
*Empirically supported
*Falsifiable *Parsimonious (less is more) |
|
|
Journal to Journal Cycle
|
Moves beyond the science, Exaggeration distant from primary source.
**Boundaries to knowledge You need to: *Evaluate how good the report is *Seek Original Report *They tend to over claim causality. |
|
|
Non scientific
Personal Experience |
*Cannot compare
*Confounding factors * |
|
|
Intuition
|
*People think they know why they do the things that has nothing to do with the study.
|
|
|
What is Authority?
|
An article that simply seems like an authoritative source.
*Are there empirical studies to back up the claims? |
|
|
Theory-Data cycle
|
Systematic Observations
|
|
|
Theory
|
A set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another
Good Theories *Empirically shaped *Falsifiable *Parsimonious (less is more) |
|
|
Anatomy of a research article
|
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Discussion |
|
|
Variables
|
Conceptual- abstract concept (stress, aggression,rationality, intelligence.
Operational - How did the researcher measure or manipulate the variable? |
|
|
3 Claims 4 validities
|
Claims
*Frequency Claim *Association Claim *Causal Claim Validities *Construct *External *Statistical *Internal |
|
|
Frequency Claim
|
Rate or level
*Only one variable 25% of teens have been bullied ... |
|
|
Association Claim
|
One variable "correlates with" another variable
*Ex: Lower income predicts higher stress TWO VARIABLES Positive, Negative, Curvilinear or null |
|
|
Causal Claim
|
One variable causes a change in the other.
"Chronic stress leads to poor health" TWO VARIABLES Stronger than association |
|
|
Construct Validity
|
How well can the researcher operationalize each variable?
*Reliable (Consistent) *Valid (Accurate) |
|
|
External Validity
|
How do the findings from the study relate to the general population outside of the study?
Externa - outside Can the results be applied to the general population (sample of children to US children) as well as other situations (certain type of music, other types of music)? |
|
|
Statistical Validity
|
Are the statistical conclusions accurate and reasonable?
* minimize type 1 error type II error and magnitude/strength |
|
|
Internal Validity
|
The relationship between one variable in the study (A) to another specific variable in the study (B).
|
|
|
To make a causal claim the study must meet what three criteria?
|
Covariance (the two variables must show an association
Temporal precedence (the causal variable has to come before the effect variable in time) internal validity (the study must rule out alternative explanations for the relationship). |
