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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A process by which long-lasting changes in behavior are acquired as a result of experience. It is infered by performance and overt changes in behavior.
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Habituation
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Decrease of disappearance of a built-in, natural response to a stimulus that occurs when the animal repeatedly encounters the stimulus.
Example: Birds and a Scarecrow. |
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Sensitization
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Time is augumented then eventually habituated.
Complex 10x10 picture created a sensitization period in infants looking time. |
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Classical Conditioning
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takes advantage of the fact that an animal already exhibits a certain built in response. Association between two stimuli.
Example: an animal being attacked in a former neutral place will teach the animal to avoid that place in the future. |
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Operant Conditioning
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How associative responses are strenghtened and maintained once they are learned.
an association between a stimulus situation and a response. Example - rat learned to press a bar becuase a bar press was followed by food presentation |
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Shaping
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successive approximations to a desired response are reinforced until the desired response occurs.
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Factors of Punishment
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Intensity
Consistency Immediacy Suddenness Brevity |
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Insightful Learning
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Gradual, unprepared, when an animals sees all at once meaningful relationships among stimuli that was not perceived before.
Example - chimps and the two stick problem |
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Spatial Learning
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learning the layout of the environment and remembering where activities took place or where object were left.
examples : Bee wolves, Clark's nutcracker |
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Cognitive Maps
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cognitive representation of spatial relationships in environment. Special is food hoarders like chimps, birds and rats
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Observational Learning
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Learns by observation where no obvious reinforcement to either is taking place. Imitation can be performed days or weeks after original observation
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General Process Theory
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All cases of learning obey the same fundamental laws regardless of the species
All stimuli and responses are equally likely to become associated. |
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Ecological Perspective on Learning
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Species differ in what is important for them to learn and remember.
Organisms are adaptive specialists |
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Preparedness
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each species has genetic predispositions to learn in certain ways and not in others.
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Instinctive Drift
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something an organism brings like tendencies and potentials that interfere with learning because sometimes the learning tasks provoke their manifestations.
example. Racoons with one coin, then with two. |
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Preparedness in Parent off spring Recognition
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Important in colonial environments, not so important in a solitary environment.
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