Psych 241 Test 1

Front 1

The early investigators of human development/developmental psychology were philosophers. True or False?

Back 1

True

Front 2

Gesell was among the first to use one-way observation. True or False?

Back 2

True

Front 3

Phenotypes influence genotypes. True or False?

Back 3

False

Front 4

Testosterone is expected to be secreted by male embryos ONLY by four to eight weeks gestation. True or False?

Back 4

True

Front 5

Girls tend to be more vulnerable to all kinds of prenatal problems. True or False?

Back 5

False- Boys tend to be!

Front 6

Statistics indicate that more boys are born than girls. True or False?

Back 6

True

Front 7

Male fetuses, on average, tend to be more active than female fetuses. True or False?

Back 7

True

Front 8

Longitudinal research studies have shown that active fetuses tend to become children who are very active. True or False?

Back 8

True

Front 9

Current research strongly suggests that fetal learning does not take place. True or False?

Back 9

False

Front 10

Although there are several alternatives locations for birth to occur, over 98% of babies in the United States are born in traditional hospitals. True or False?

Back 10

True

Front 11

Girls are more likely than boys to show long-term effects of low birth weight. True or False?

Back 11

False

Front 12

Prognosis for neonates that are small to date are better than premies. True or False?

Back 12

False- Small-for-date is worse.

Front 13

What did Watson's "Little Albert" experiement prove about his idea of development?

Back 13

Phobias can be learned

Front 14

Who was Francis Sumner?

Back 14

. credited for being the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology

. went to Howard

Front 15

Who was George Sanchez?

Back 15

. credited for being the first Latino to receive doctorate in psychology

. concerned with cultural biased

Front 16

Who was Mary Ainsworth?

Back 16

. credited for being being first woman to receive doctorate in psychology

. attachment in bonding theory

Front 17

Who conducted the first organized scientific studies in developmental psychology and what are they known as?

Back 17

1. Charles Darwin
2. Known as the Baby Biographies

Front 18

What do the letters LBW stand for and what is its relevance for neonates?

Back 18

LBW- Low Birth Weight babies

-less than 5.5 lbs are considered LBW

Front 19

What is an Apgar Scale? How is it reported and what does it mean?

Back 19

Apgar Scale- first test after birth

-taken 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
-highest score= 10
-3 or below= critical condition

Front 20

Identify several complications that could occur during the birth process.

Back 20

. fetal distress- sudden drop in heart rate. Embilical cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus

. anoxia- lack of oxygen

. dislocating- sometimes dislocates shoulders or hips

Front 21

What are the 3 stages of development?

Back 21

Stage 1- (early labor) dilation and effacement occur

Stage 2- actual delivery begins

Stage 3- afterbirth

Front 22

What are the differences between the 3 types of twins?

Back 22

2 sperm+1 egg= Fraternal

1 sperm+1 egg+egg splitting in half= Identical

2 sperm+1 egg+egg splitting in half= semi-identical

Front 23

What happens in the first trimester?

Back 23

-missed period
-breast enlargement
-abdominal thickening

Front 24

What happens in the second trimester?

Back 24

-weight gain
-"showing"
-fetal movements felt
-increased appetite

Front 25

What happens in the third trimester?

Back 25

-weight gain
-breast discharge

Front 26

What are the 3 learning theories?

Back 26

Classical
-Pavlov's dogs experiment

Operant
-B.F. Skinner's training rats experiment

Social-Cognitive Theory
-reward=intrinsic

Front 27

What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development and how does the information-processing theory differ from it?

Back 27

1. Sensory and Motor Stage

2. Pre-operational stage (learn how to think and how to communicate)

3. Concrete Operation Stage (concrete objects to help them learn)

4. Formal operations (start to deal with concepts they can't see)


UNLIKE INFORMATION PROCESSING...
- believed that our brains worked like computers

Front 28

Identify and briefly discuss three types of genetic disorders that are transmitted through dominant and recessive genes.

Back 28

Dominant-

Migraine Headaches
Schizophrenia


Recessive-

PKU
Sickle-Cell Disease
Tay-Sachs


Sex-Linked Recessive Disorders-

Hemophilia
Red-green color blindness

Front 29

What implications did the following three philosophies have relative to human development?

Christian Doctrine
Rousseau's "innate goodness"
Locke's blank slate

Back 29

Christian Doctrine- states that every person is born with original sin

Rousseau's "innate goodness"- claimed that all human beings were naturally good and seek out experiences that help them grow

Locke's blank slate- states that adults can mold children into whatever they want them to be

Front 30

Contrast the ethological theory, the socio-cultural theroy, and the bioecological theory. Identify the major premise and proponent of each.

Back 30

Bioecological Theory- (Bronfenbrenner) it explains the development in terms of relationships between people and their environments, or contexts.

Ethology Theory- (Bowlby) a perspective on development that emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection.

Sociocultural Theory- (Vygotsky) the view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an indvidual's private explorations (contrasted with Piaget).

Front 31

Identify the physical characteristics that are determined by dominant and recessive genes.

Back 31

Dominant-

-Freckles
-Curly Hair
-Rh-positive blood
-Types A and B blood


Recessive

-Flat feet
-Rh-negative blood
-Red hair
-Types O blood

Front 32

Identify one chromosomal abnormality that was discussed in class and its resulting features.

Back 32

Down syndrome

Front 33

Identify the 3 stages in prenatal development

Back 33

Germinal Stage- (first 2 weeks)
.sperm and ovum unite, forming a zygote
.the zygote buries into the lining of the uterus


Embryonic Stage- (3-8 weeks)
.all of the embryo's organ systems form during the 6 week period following implantation


Fetal Stage- (9-38 weeks)
.fetuses can be identified male or female
.changes in the brain and lungs occur
.most neurons have formed by week 28
.in the last 8 weeks of this stage, a fetus can hear and smell, is sensitive to touch, and can respond to light.

Front 34

What was G. Stanley Hall's role in the early development of this discipline?

Back 34

.used questionnaires and interviews to study large numbers of children
.believed developmentalists should identify norms.

Front 35

What is Piaget's theory?

Back 35

Reasoning develops in four universal stages from birth through adolescence; in each stage, the child builds a different kind of scheme

Helps explain how children of different ages think about and act on the world

Front 36

What are the main ideas of the Learning Theories?

Back 36

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning- learning happens when neutral stimuli become so strongly associated with natural stimuli that they elicit the same response

Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory- Development involves behavior changes that are shaped by reinforment and punishment

Bandura's Social-Learning Theory- People learn from models; what they learn from a model depends on how they interpret the situation cognitively and emotionally.

Front 37

How do the theories of Freud and Erikson explain developmental change?

Back 37

Freud's Psychosexual Theory- Peronsality develops in five stages from birth to adolescence; in each stage, the need for physical pleasure is focused on a different part of the body

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory- Personality develops through eight life crises across the enitre lifespan; a person finishes each crisis with either a good or poor resolution.

Front 38

What test can be done to see if there is any abnormal chromosomes?

Back 38

CVS (8-10 weeks gestation)

Front 39

Name the 4 fetal assessments that can take place.

Back 39

1. CVS (to see if there are any abnormal chromosomes)

2. Amniocentesis (to see the sex of the baby)

3. Ultrasonograph (for women who are at risk)

4. Fetascopy (to see if surgery in utero needs to be done)

Front 40

What are the drugs that can be used during delivery and what is the method of natural birth called?

Back 40

Drugs-

analagesics (reduce pain)
sedatives and tranquilizers (calms mother's anxiety)
anesthesia (helps to block the pain)

natural birth is called the Lamaze Method