Psych 2301Final

Front 1

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

Back 1

nature

Front 2

In the context of human development, _____ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences.

Back 2

nurture

Front 3

Which of the following is true with regard to development?

Back 3

Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.

Front 4

Which of the following situations indicates resilience that characterizes development in adulthood?

Back 4

Jonathan, who did not get good grades in middle school, studies hard in high school and gets a scholarship at an Ivy League university.

Front 5

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?

Back 5

Cindy, a 20 year-old student, who imagines herself as the governor of Florida.

Front 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?

Back 6

conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

Front 7

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

Back 7

The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.

Front 8

Which of the following statements about brain development is FALSE?

Back 8

Aside from growing larger, the brain does not undergo any anatomical change after birth

Front 9

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

Back 9

the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Front 10

Most adults reach their peak physical development during their

Back 10

20s

Front 11

Which theory of aging has focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune-system functioning?

Back 11

hormonal stress theory

Front 12

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

Back 12

object permanence.

Front 13

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

Back 13

preoperational

Front 14

Using an idealistic approach and evaluating every possible alternative before purchasing a laptop is usually indicative of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Back 14

formal operational

Front 15

Which of the following statements is true of Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?

Back 15

Children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture.

Front 16

The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

Back 16

invincibility

Front 17

Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?

Back 17

being more realistic

Front 18

Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

Back 18

Younger adults do better than older adults in most aspects of memory.

Front 19

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Back 19

temperament

Front 20

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?

Back 20

The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft

Front 21

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth’s strange situation test used to measure children’s attachment?

Back 21

The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later.

Front 22

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, _____ is the best way to build an infant's sense of trust.

Back 22

engaging in establishing a sense that the world is a predictable and safe place

Front 23

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

Back 23

more collaborative

Front 24

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence.

Back 24

an identity

Front 25

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

Back 25

She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.

Front 26

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

Back 26

drive/need

Front 27

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

Back 27

homeostasis.

Front 28

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

Back 28

homeostasis.

Front 29

Jenna is a talented singer. Her singing is commendable when she is well rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group. In such situations, she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed. However, when Jenna’s friends are around, she gets overly aroused and anxious. In such situations, she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes. Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna’s performance?

Back 29

Yerkes-Dodson law

Front 30

In humans, _____ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.

Back 30

leptin

Front 31

If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates

Back 31

the effect of learned associations on eating behavior

Front 32

Edna loves McDonald’s sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous “golden arches,” she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

Back 32

learned associations

Front 33

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

Back 33

hypothalamus

Front 34

What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern?

Back 34

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Front 35

In accordance with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a person’s difficulty in committing to a relationship?

Back 35

financial insecurity

Front 36

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to

Back 36

satisfy his physiological needs.

Front 37

At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn’t find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky’s discontentment with life?

Back 37

Ricky’s need for belongingness is not being met.

Front 38

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

Back 38

safety

Front 39

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

Back 39

after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.

Front 40

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

Back 40

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Front 41

Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?

Back 41

The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.

Front 42

Self-efficacy refers to

Back 42

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

Front 43

Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience

Back 43

lowered self-actualization and physical illness.

Front 44

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

Back 44

Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures

Front 45

Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Back 45

Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation.

Front 46

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

Back 46

reward

Front 47

Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of

Back 47

self-regulation.

Front 48

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

Back 48

conscious experience.

Front 49

According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Back 49

Cannon-Bard theory

Front 50

Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?

Back 50

james-Lange theory

Front 51

_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

Back 51

Personality

Front 52

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?

Back 52

psychodynamic perspectives

Front 53

Freud considered _____ to be the most important motivator of all human activity.

Back 53

the sexual drive

Front 54

Carolyn’s parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn’s sexual activity in college?

Back 54

id

Front 55

According to Freud, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle, whereas the _____ operates on the reality principle.

Back 55

id/ego

Front 56

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

Back 56

ego

Front 57

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family’s attempts to convince her. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

Back 57

denial

Front 58

The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is

Back 58

repression.

Front 59

A defense mechanism in which an individual sees in others those impulses that the individual most fears or despises in himself or herself is called

Back 59

projection.

Front 60

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

Back 60

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Front 61

Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?

Back 61

The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.

Front 62

According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is

Back 62

the status bestowed to those who have one.

Front 63

At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy. At social events, Carrie was the life of the party. She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

Back 63

Carrie adopted her persona at parties.

Front 64

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

Back 64

individual psychology.

Front 65

Alfred Adler believed that birth order

Back 65

influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority.

Front 66

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

Back 66

humanistic perspective

Front 67

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

Back 67

Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment

Front 68

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.

Back 68

unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth

Front 69

Trait theories of personality

Back 69

focus on lasting personality characteristics.

Front 70

Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals

Back 70

show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.

Front 71

Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?

Back 71

openness

Front 72

Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?

Back 72

Agreeableness

Front 73

Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?

Back 73

Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.

Front 74

_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.

Back 74

Traits/States

Front 75

Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of

Back 75

Henry Murray.

Front 76

According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as

Back 76

reciprocal determinism.

Front 77

The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists?

Back 77

Walter Mischel

Front 78

Self-report personality tests

Back 78

directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Front 79

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of _____ test of personality.

Back 79

an empirically keyed self-report

Front 80

Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?

Back 80

psychodynamic

Front 81

_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Back 81

Social psychology

Front 82

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

Back 82

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

Front 83

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

Back 83

Person perception

Front 84

In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive?

Back 84

a composite of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an “average” face

Front 85

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

Back 85

stereotype

Front 86

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

Back 86

attribution

Front 87

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

Back 87

internal/external causes

Front 88

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

Back 88

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Front 89

You watch as Emma stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If you commit the fundamental attribution error when assessing Emma, how would you explain her behavior?

Back 89

She is a clumsy person.

Front 90

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

Back 90

false consensus effect

Front 91

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

Back 91

Self-serving bias

Front 92

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Back 92

Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Front 93

_____ are people’s opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

Back 93

Attitudes

Front 94

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by

Back 94

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

Front 95

According to the self-perception theory,

Back 95

behaviors can cause attitudes.

Front 96

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

Back 96

central route to persuasion.

Front 97

A person on campus walks up to you and asks if you would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for her cause. Though the ribbon is a bit unattractive, it is small so you agree to wear it. After agreeing to this request, the solicitor then asks you if you would be willing to make a donation of $15. This example best demonstrates the

Back 97

foot-in-the-door technique.

Front 98

he hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

Back 98

testosterone

Front 99

Tom has left home and is attending college in a city far away from home where he doesn't know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be most likely to make friends with

Back 99

Bill, his roommate.

Front 100

According to _____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Back 100

social exchange theory

Front 101

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch’s experiment demonstrates

Back 101

conformity

Front 102

A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of

Back 102

obedience.

Front 103

The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

Back 103

social contagion

Front 104

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

Back 104

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

Front 105

The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is called

Back 105

ethnocentrism.

Front 106

All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT

Back 106

behavior that is inconsistent.

Front 107

The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

Back 107

biological

Front 108

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

Back 108

the psychological approach

Front 109

When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.

Back 109

sociocultural approach

Front 110

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?

Back 110

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Front 111

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true?

Back 111

It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction.

Front 112

Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.

Back 112

disease

Front 113

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT

Back 113

depression

Front 114

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?

Back 114

An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time.

Front 115

In a(n) _____, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

Back 115

panic disorder

Front 116

John has sudden attacks of intense fear in which he experiences palpitations, he feels dizzy, and he has trouble catching his breath. During these attacks, he worries that he is going to die. From this description, it sounds like John has

Back 116

panic disorder.

Front 117

Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE?

Back 117

American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.

Front 118

A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing

Back 118

specific phobia.

Front 119

Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of the crowd induces panic in him. Which of the following best describes Eric’s disorder?

Back 119

social phobia

Front 120

_____ are recurrent thoughts, and _____ are recurrent behaviors.

Back 120

Obsessions/compulsions

Front 121

In the context of OCD-related disorders, an individual with hoarding disorder is most likely to

Back 121

find it difficult to throw things away, troubled by the feeling that he might need them at a later time.

Front 122

All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT

Back 122

feeling emotionally charged.

Front 123

Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?

Back 123

post-traumatic stress disorder

Front 124

A depressive disorder is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

Back 124

mood

Front 125

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least

Back 125

two weeks.

Front 126

Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.

Back 126

psychological

Front 127

_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

Back 127

Bipolar disorder

Front 128

Genetic factors are stronger predictors of _____ than of _____.

Back 128

bipolar disorder/depressive disorders

Front 129

_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Back 129

Anorexia nervosa

Front 130

Individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to have _____ of perfectionism and _____ of self-efficacy.

Back 130

high levels/low levels

Front 131

Individuals with dissociative disorders have

Back 131

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.

Front 132

_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.

Back 132

Dissociative identity disorder

Front 133

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Back 133

Schizophrenia

Front 134

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

Back 134

antisocial personality disorder

Front 135

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT

Back 135

reduced awareness.

Front 136

The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.

Back 136

positive symptoms/negative symptoms

Front 137

A man who believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of

Back 137

delusion

Front 138

A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?

Back 138

antisocial personality disorder

Front 139

Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE?

Back 139

Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.

Front 140

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy

Back 140

clearly shows that psychotherapy works

Front 141

Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.

Back 141

the quality of the client's participation

Front 142

Which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques?

Back 142

Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.

Front 143

According to the psychoanalytic approach to psychotherapy, interpretation

Back 143

is a psychoanalyst’s search for symbolic, hidden meanings in what the client says and does during therapy.

Front 144

Bruce is seeing a therapist for his depression but he is always late and has missed several appointments. He talks about sports and the weather to try and avoid facing his problems and he often becomes argumentative with his therapist. According to psychoanalytic theory, Bruce's behavior is a classic example of

Back 144

resistance

Front 145

Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic therapies in that humanistic therapies emphasize

Back 145

self-fulfillment rather than illness.

Front 146

The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by

Back 146

warmth and support.

Front 147

_____ are called insight therapies because they encourage self-awareness as the path to psychological health.

Back 147

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies

Front 148

Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?

Back 148

They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.

Front 149

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization?

Back 149

deep relaxation

Front 150

_____ therapies emphasize that thoughts are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to influence and change the feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts.

Back 150

Cognitive

Front 151

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.

Back 151

Beck's cognitive

Front 152

Which of the following is a cognitive therapy technique whereby clients rate their emotions in order to gain a perspective of their situation?

Back 152

scaling

Front 153

Dr. Guerrero uses different therapies based on the benefits they provide for her clients. Currently she is using a behavioral approach to treat an individual with panic disorder and a cognitive therapy approach to treat a client with major depressive disorder. Dr. Guerrero is practicing

Back 153

integrative therapy

Front 154

Integrative therapy is most compatible with the _____ model of abnormal behavior.

Back 154

biopsychosocial

Front 155

Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?

Back 155

psychosurgery

Front 156

In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the

Back 156

lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants.

Front 157

By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to

Back 157

stabilize moods.

Front 158

The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is

Back 158

to set off a seizure in the brain.

Front 159

Although the concerns of behavioral medicine and health psychology overlap, behavioral medicine primarily focuses on _____ factors, whereas health psychology primarily focuses on _____ factors.

Back 159

behavioral and biomedical/behavioral and cognitive

Front 160

What is the main difference between the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior?

Back 160

The theory of planned behavior includes the idea that perceptions of control over the outcome are important.

Front 161

The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals

Back 161

give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles.

Front 162

An alcoholic who believes that he is just being a typical college student and does not think his drinking is a problem is most likely to be classified as being in the _____ stage of change.

Back 162

precontemplation

Front 163

Raising one's consciousness about a problem is the key component of which of the following stages of change?

Back 163

precontemplation

Front 164

Claire is a chain smoker. Since she is unaware of her problem, her friends plan to inform her about the dangers of continuing her unhealthy behavior. According to the stages of the change model, Claire is in which of the following stages?

Back 164

precontemplation

Front 165

In the stages of change model, a key factor that differentiates the _____ is awareness that a particular behavior is problematic.

Back 165

precontemplation stage from the contemplation stage

Front 166

Self-belief and especially beliefs about one’s ability to “see it through” is characteristic of which of the following stages of change model?

Back 166

preparation/determination

Front 167

According to the stages of change model, when conscious attention is no longer required to maintain the new, healthy behaviors and such behaviors simply are part of the individual's lifestyle, _____ has been achieved. This occurs during the _____ stage of change.

Back 167

transcendence/maintenance

Front 168

Andrea was just fired from a job she really loved. You are her best friend so you try to offer her all the support that she needs. In the context of benefits of social support, giving Andrea a hug when she is down and telling her that you will "be there for her" is an example of _____, whereas loaning her money and telling her that she can stay with you until she finds another job is an example of _____.

Back 168

emotional support/tangible assistance

Front 169

Self-efficacy is the belief that you can

Back 169

master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

Front 170

According to Seligman, optimists explain the causes of bad events as _____, whereas pessimists explain them as _____.

Back 170

external, unstable, and specific/internal, stable, and global

Front 171

Emma is shocked when her teacher announced that there is a pop quiz on the reading material that was assigned the day before. Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome will Emma be experiencing first?

Back 171

alarm

Front 172

Denise has just finished a stressful week of final exams and she now feels as though she is coming down with the flu. According to the general adaptation syndrome, Denise's reaction to stress suggests that she is now in the _____ stage.

Back 172

exhaustion

Front 173

Which of the following statements is true of stress and the immune system?

Back 173

The immune system and the central nervous system are similar in their modes of receiving, and integrating, stress signals from the external environment.

Front 174

According to Lazarus, in _____ individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome.

Back 174

primary appraisal

Front 175

_____ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one’s troubles and trying to solve them.

Back 175

Problem-focused coping

Front 176

Which of the following statements is true of effective coping with stress?

Back 176

Multiple strategies often work better than a single strategy to cope with stress.

Front 177

All of the following is a characteristic of hardiness EXCEPT

Back 177

a perception of problems as threats.

Front 178

Which of the following is true about exercise?

Back 178

Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.