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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define Actual Self.
What is it's contrast?
a person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self
Define the possible self.
What can it include?
A person's conception of the self as it potentially may be. May include both the ideal self and a feared self.
Define Ideal self
The person an adolescent would like to be
Define feared self
The self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming
What is a false self?
The self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he/she is actually thinking or feeling.
Define self-esteem.
How is it different from baseline self-esteem?
Self esteem is a person's overall sense of worth and well being. Baseline self esteem is a person's STABLE, ENDURING sense of worth and well-being.
Define self image.
What is it closely related to?
A person's evaluation of his/her qualities and relations with others. Related to self esteem.
What is self concept?
A person's views of themselves, including concrete characteristics (height, etc.) as well as roles, relationships and personality characteristics.
What is self perception?
What is it closely related to?
A person's view of his/her characteristics and abilities. Related to self-esteem.
What is barometric self esteem?
The fluctuating sense of worth and well being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day.
In research, what is response bias? How can it be minimized?
from questionnaires, response bias is the tendency to choose the same response for all items. Minimize by NOT using an odd number of response options.
In research, what is internal consistency?
What is high internal consistence?
Internal consistency is a calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or even sub scale are answered in a similar way. High I.C. on questionnaire indicates if report high degree on one item, will report high degree on another item. Or, both degrees would be low. Consistency between both items.
What is psychohistory?
Who did a lot of work in this area?
The psychological analysis of important historical figures.
Erik Erickson - studied Mohandas Ghandi (India) and Martin Luther (theologist in 16th century.
Erikson determined that identity formation was centered on identity crisis (now thought of as exploration).
Define identity (4 parts)
1. Individuals perceptions of their characteristics and abilities
2. their beliefs and values,
3. their relations with others and
4. how their lives fit into the world around them
What did Erikson propose (1950) as central crisis for Adolescents?
Identity vs identity confusion. - typical adolescent stage in life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, OR follow unhealthy path of failing to form a stable and secure identity.
How does adolescent develop a healthy identity? (per Erikson) Part 1
Identifications - relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads to want to be like that person.
How does adolescent develop a healthy identity? (per Erikson) Part 2
Using psychosocial moratorium (period of postponed adult responsibilities) to explore various possible life options. Trying on various possible selves. "Trying out..."
Define negative identity?
Who used the term?
List examples.
Erikson's term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous.
Youth subcultures such as skinheads, metalheads are examples.
Who is James Marcia?
Define identity status model.
Marcia was an influential interpreter of Erikson's work. Constructed a measure called the Identity Status Interview that classified adolescents in to a model of 4 identity statuses: diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, achievement. Model is an approach to conceptualize and research identity development.
How does Erikson define identity crisis?
ID crisis, an intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity.
What is identity diffusion?
From Marcia's Identity status model: An identity status that combines NO exploration with NO commitment.
What is identity Foreclosure?
Marcia
NO exploration
YES commitment
What is identity Moratorium?
Marcia
YES exploration
NO commitment
What is identity Achievement?
Marcia
YES Exploration
YES Commitment
Define postmodern identity.
Recently, beyond Marcia: A conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time. Identity is composed of diverse elements that don't always form a unified consistent self.
Who theorized about intimacy and isolation?
State the theory.
Erikson. Theorized that intimacy is often higher priority for females than identity.
Intimacy v. isolation is central issue of young adulthood. persons face alternatives between commiting to another person in intimate relationship OR becoming isolated as a consequence of inability to form enduring intimate relationship.
Difference between SELF in East and West?
East: the self is INTERdependent, defined n relation to others.
West: independent self allowed to make free choices in love, work and ideology.
Erikson focussed on West.
Moratorium period: more of an exception in countries other than industrialized West.
Define Biculturalism
ID with cultural group: HIGH
ID with majority group: HIGH
Formation of ethnic identity that involved developing a dual ID, one based in ethnic group/origin AND one based in majority culture
Define Assimilation.
Who studied?
Jean Phinney.
ID with cultural group: LOW
ID with majority group: HIGH
Involves leaving ethnic culture behind and adopting ways of the majority culture
define Separation
Who studied?
Jean Phinney.
ID with cultural group: HIGH
ID with majority group: LOW
Approach in ID formation that involves associating ONLY with members of one's own ethnic group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture.
Define Marginalization.
Who studied?
Jean Phinney.
ID with cultural group: LOW
ID with majority group: LOW
In forming ethnic ID, option that involves REJECTING one'w own culture of origin and also feeling REJECTED by the majority culture.
What are the impacts of globalization on identity?
1. More young people develop a bicultural identity. One identity to participate in world, another to participate in home life. Hybrid identity integrating various cultures.
2. Marginalized ID - from Phinney - identity confusion due to rapidly changing traditional culture. feel excluded from both.
What is the difference between social loneliness and emotional loneliness?
Social - LACK QUANTITY - occurs when people feel they lack sufficient number of social contacts and relationships. Emotional - LACK QUALITY - occurs when people feel the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy (higher in college freshmen)
What are the four types of self.
Actual Self
Possible self
a. Ideal self
b. Feared self
False self
How is self esteem effected in early adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Self esteem tends to DECLINE in early adol., RISE in late Adol. and emerging adulthood.
Self esteem is more likely to decline for girls than boys, more likely to decline for Whites than Afr. Am.
What are two most influential aspects of self esteem in adolescence?
Physical appearance
Peer acceptance
What did Carol Gilligan claim?
Gilligan argued that gender differences exist in emotional self-development during adol.
1. girls lose their voice in conforming to cultural pressure of female role
2. girls do not assert their authentic selves
What are the key issues in Adol. development according to Erik Erikson?
1. identity vs. identity confusion
2. three principle areas of love, work and idelogy.
How long does psychosocial moratorium last in East and in West?
1. Extremely limited in East.
2. identity formation includes psychosocial moratorium that continues through emerging adulthood.
List the 4 possible alternatives for ethnic identity formation. Who studied American minorities?
Jean Phinney
1. Biculturism
2. Separation
3. Assimilation
4. Marginalization
Who is Susan Harter?
List her domains.
As children age, they describe themselves less in concrete terms and more in terms of traits. Below are 8 domains of self image:
Scholastic competence
Social acceptance
Athletic competence
Physical appearance
Job competence
Romantic appeal
Behavioral conduct
Close friendship
Global self worth (sum of all above)
What does Harter's research indicate?
Harter research indicates that adolescents do not need to have a positive self image in all of the 8 domains to have high global self esteem. Each domaain only carries weight if the adolescent believes it does. However, PHYSICAL APPEARANCE is most strongly related to global self esteem.
Define psychosocial moratorium.
A period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves. Examples: falling in love, as get clearer sense of self thru intimate interactions. Try out various college majors or jobs. Also idealogical exploration: religious or political beliefs. ONLY in individualistc cultures.
Define identity confusion
When young person cannot sort out the possibilities that life presents, and they remain in a state of confusion after their peers have gone on to establish secure identity. Also more likely if any stage in development has been problematic. Extreme end of confusion is negative identity - rejecting acceptable possibilities for love, work and considering unacceptable, strange, contemptible and offensive possibilities.
When is identity achievement most likely to be reached?
Identity achievement is when young people have explored and made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices. It is PRECEDED by period of identity moratorium, when the exploration to get to these decisions takes place.
It takes longer for identity formation: if reached, in emerging adulthood or beyond. NOT in adolescence.
Culture and identity - Erikson's argument
Erikson believed "anatomy is gender" to some extent, sex differences in psychological development, including identity development based on biological differences. He believed forming an identity meant becoming separate and independent from others. Describes females as relational and males as active and instrumental. Believed means to intimacy was higher priority than identity for females, where males identity comes before intimacy.
What is relationship between culturalism and self esteem?
Studies indicate that bicultural or assimilated adolescents have higher self esteem. Having strong ethnic identity also related to overall well being, academic achievement, and lower rates of risk behavior.