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53 Cards in this Set

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Causes of Brain Damage

Brain tumors
Cerebrovascular disorders
Closed-Head injuries
Infections of the brain
Neurotoxins
Genetic Factors
6
Brain Tumors
aka neoplasms, mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body.
Most are infiltrating and malignant.
Some are metastatic, usually originating in the lungs.
3

Cerebrovascular disorders

Stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia

3
Stroke
Sudden onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage. Due to hemorrage or ischemia.
3
Cerebral Hemorrage
Blood vessel ruptures.
Eg, aneurysm, a weakened point in blood vessel that makes a stroke more likely.
2
Cerebral ischemia
Disruption of blood supply.
Thrombosis: plug in brain.
Embolism: plug somewhere rlse, moves to brain.
Arteriosclerosis: wall of blood vessels thicken, usually due to fat deposits.
4
Damage due to cerebral ischemia
Most damage is due to excess neurotrasmitter release, especially glutamate. Damage is slow, does not occur equally in all parts, and vary with brain structure.
4
Closed-Head injuries
Brain injuries due to blows that do not penetrate the skull. Brain collides with skull. eg contusions, concussions.
4
Contrecoupe Injuries
Contusions are often on the side of the brain opposite to the blow.
Contusions
CH injuries that involve damage to cerebral circulatory system. Hematona (bruise) forms.
w
Concussions
Disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and no evidence of structural damage.
Punch-Drunk Symdrome
Multiple concussions causing dementia.
Encephalitis
Resulting inflammation of the brain by an invasion of microorganisms
2
Bacterial Infections
Often lead to abcesses, may cause meningitis, treat with antibiotics. eg syphilis.
4
Viral infections
Some prefer to attack neural tissues. Some can lie dormant for years. eg rabies.
3
Neurotoxins
May enter general circulation from the GI tract, lungs, or skin.
3
Toxis Psychosis
Chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin. eg "Mad Hatters."
2
Genetic Factors
Most neuropsychological diseases of genetix origin are associated with recessive genes. eg Down Syndrome.
2
Down Syndrome
Extra chromosome 21 is created during ovulation. Causes disfigurement, mental retardation, other problems.
4
Programmed Cell Death
All causes of brain damage produce damage, in part, by apoptosis.
Neuropsychological Diseases
Epilepsy, Parkinson's, Huntington's, MS, Alzheimer's.
5
Epilepsy
Primary symptom is seizures generated by own brain dysfunctoon.
Types of Epileptic Seizures
Convulsions: motor seizures.
Partial seizures: no not involve whole brain.
Generalized seizures: involve whole brain.
Some seizures are just subtle changes in mood, thought, or behaviour.
4
Causes of epilepsy
Brain damage.
Genes.
Faults in inhibitory synapses.
3
How to diagnose epilepsy?
EEG, electroencephalogram.
Parkinson's Disease
A movement disorser. Tremor is most ckmmkn symptom. No single cause.
3
Causes of Parkinson's?
Associated with degeneration of substansia nigra, which normally release dopamine to the striatum of the basal ganglia. No dopamine in the substania nigra is parkinson's patients. There are Lewy bodies (protein clumps) in the substantia nigra.
3
Huntingtin Disease Cause
Caused by a single gene which causes degeneration of striatum (basal ganglia).
Huntingon Disease Symptoms
Motor disorder thar begins with fidgetiness and progresses to jerky movement of entire limbs and sever dementia.
2
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease that attacks CNS myelin, leaving areas of hard scar tissues (sclerosis).
2
MS Symptoms
Visual disturbances, muscle weaknesses, numbness, tremor, ataxia (loss of motor coordination).
5
Alzheimer's Disease
Most common cause of dementia. Diagnosed by amyloid plaques and neurifibrillary tangles in the brain.
3
Neuroplastic Responses to Nervous System Damage
DegenerationRegeberationReorginizationRecovery
4
Degeneration
Deterioration of neurons and connections.
Anterograde degeneration
Degeneration of the distal segment between the cut and the synaptic terminal. Takes a few days.
2
Retrograde Degeneration
Degeneration of the proximal segment between the cut and cell body. Progresses slowly, neuron may survive if regenerating axons makes a new contact.
3
Axotomy
Cutting of axons.
Transneuronal degeneration

Neurons connected to degenerated neurons degenerate as well because they have nothing to connect with.

Neural Regeneration
Not successful in mammals/high vertebrates; cannot regrow axons. Virtually nonexistent in the CNS od adult mammals but possible in the PNS.
4
Neural Regeneration in the PNS
If Schwann cell myelin sheath is intact, regenerating axons may grow through them to their original targets. If nerve is severed and ends are separated, they may grow into incorrect sheaths. If ends are widely seperated, no meanjngful regen will occur.
3
Neural Reorganization
Reorganization has been observed in lab animals following damage to peripheral nerves and primary cortical areas. Large-Scale reorganization is possible.
3
Example of neural reorganization
Lesion one retina, destroy the other, neruons can remap to an adjacent area in minutes.
Corticol regen following damage in humans
There is continuous competition for corticol space by functional circuits; auditory/somatosensory input may be processes in former visual areas of brains in blinded people.
2
Can neurons grow in adults?
No! ...except for in olfactory bulb and hippocampus.
3
Comments about recovery of brain function after damage.
Difficult to distinguish between true recovery and compensatory changes. Cognitive reserve (education and intelligence) may play a role in recovering function. Adult neurogenesis may play a role in recovery.
3
Is neuroplasticity present in adults?
Yes!
How to treat CNS damage?
Reduces brain damage by blocking neurodegeneration.Promotes recovery by...Promoting regen.Transplantation.Rehabilitative training.
4
How to reduce brain damage by blocking neurodegeneration?
Various neurochemicals can block or limit neurodegeneration. (Apoptosis inhibitor protein. Neurotropic factors block degen of damaged neurons). Neuroprotective molecules also tend to promote regen.
4
How does cancer effect apoptosis?
Cancer shuts it down. No more apoptosis, much more cancer.
How to promote CNS recovery by promoting regen?
While regen doesn't normally occur in CNS, it can be experimentally induced by directing the growth of axons by Schwann cells.
2
How to promote recovery by neurotransplantation?
Transplanting fetal tissue and stem cells.
2
Ways to promote recovery by rehabilitative training?
Induced strokes, constraint-induced therapy (stroke), facilitated walking (spinal injury)
3
Phantom Limb Syndrome
Limb is gone but still have feeling in it. Can be relieved by visual feedback. Ramachandra's hypothesis: caused by reorganization of somatosensory cortex.
3