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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In order to be classified as intellectually disabled, a student must display subaverage intellectual functioning and
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poor adaptive behaviour.
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Early intervention has been shown to stop the decline in which aspects of development in children with Down syndrome?
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cognitive
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The cause of an individual's mental retardation can now be identified in
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~ 50% of cases
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Today, Down syndrome occurs in what percentage of births?
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1 in 1000
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The AAMR's most recent definition of mental retardation emphasizes the
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support needs of individuals.
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Males affected by fragile X syndrome usually show
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"distinct physical stigmata (large ears, long face w/ prominent chin, large testicles); attention deficit disorders, speech disturbances, hand biting, hand flapping, autistic behaviors
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To be designated as intellectually disabled, a child must have an IQ of
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70 or below
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Six-hour retarded child
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A child who is considered mentally retarded at school but appears to function normally with family and peers outside of school
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The rate of development for children born with Down syndrome often begins to slow after
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6 months of age
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In a formal assessment of intellectual disabilities, the two major areas of concern are IQ and __________.
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adaptive behaviour
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coprophagy
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eating inedible objects
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The construct of adaptive behaviour was first delineated as a component of mental retardation by __________.
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Edgar A. Doll
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During what period is a mild intellectual disability most noticeable?
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elementary school years
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syndromes with chromosomal component
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Fragile X, Down, Turner's, Prader-willi
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Turner's syndrome
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monosomy X - affects girls - short stature, boad chest, webbed neck, infertility, amenorrhea, cognitive deficits
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Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)
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7 genes on chromosome 15 missing or unexpressed on paternal chromosome- polyphagia, food preoccupation, small stature & learning difficulty
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Fragile X syndrome
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- mutations of FMR1 gene on X chromosome - most common cause of inherited mental impairment; autistic-like behavior- perseveration, retardation, self-stimulating
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Down's syndrome
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trisomy 21; Most individuals with Down syndrome have mental retardation in the mild (IQ 50–70) to moderate (IQ 35–50) range,[3] with individuals having Mosaic Down syndrome typically 10–30 points higher.; broad head, round face, short limbs, prone to health problems
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Terminology in the field of intellectual disabilities is currently undergoing change because of
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changes in social perceptions of persons with intellectual disabilities.
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A psychologist would administer an IQ measure to a child suspected of being mildly intellectually disabled in order to
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determine if the child meets the criteria for mental retardation of two standard deviations below the norm
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One of the major rationales for the inclusion of students with exceptionalities into general classrooms is social interaction. The research on students with intellectual disabilities indicates that these students
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are not well accepted by peers.
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Severe and profound mental retardation AND economic status are
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NOT related
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Studies on early intervention with children with Down syndrome show that Down syndrome infants receive the same scores as normally developing children on tests of intellectual ability at ___ months, but lower scores at _____ or age.
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ten months; two years
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The child who cannot cope with school but functions quite adequately in other environments was referred to by Mercer as a(n) ________ child.
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six-hour retarded
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A maturational lag refers to
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slowness to reach developmental milestones.
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Approximately how many known genetic disorders are associated with intellectual disability?
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750
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A child with an IQ of 45 would most likely be classified as having what degree of intellectual disability?
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moderate
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The AAMR classification approach to mental retardation focuses on
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symptom severity.
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According to available data, what percentage of those identified as intellectually disabled are in the mild range?
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70
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The most common clinical cause of intellectual disability is
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Down syndrome
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The condition in which there is a faulty division of chromosomes in later cell divisions is
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mosaicism
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Characteristics of Angelman syndrome
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small head, epilepsy, retardation; associated with frequent laughter; affects men and women equally; affects 1 in 20,000 people
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What is the fastest growing infectious cause of intellectual disability in children?
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pediatric AIDS
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In terms of the Piagetian stages of development, students who are mildly intellectual disabled function no higher than the ______________________ stage.
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concrete operations
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The ACLD is
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(Adults and Children with Learning and Developmental Disabilities); the major parent body in the field of mental retardation
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Jean Marc Gaspard Itard is remembered for his intervention with a boy he named
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Victor of Aveyron
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__________ is an inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli.
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agnosia
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__________ refers to problems with gait and ambulation
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Ataxia
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behavioural disorders
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conduct disorders, socialized aggression, anxiety and withdrawal, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and childhood psychoses
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reasons for conflicting definitions of behavioural disorders
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no such thing as a typical student who is behaviourally disordered; we cannot define normalcy; behavioural problems change as children grow older; behavioural disorders cannot be measured quantitatively; disorders correlate with teacher tolerance levels and disruptive behaviour is often in the eye of the beholder; ; comorbidity
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common elements of definitions of behavioural disorders
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Children with behavioural disorders exhibit behaviour that is chronic; violates cultural and social norms; and affects the child's self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, and probably school achievement.
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ways to classify behavioural disorders
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clinical classification, by severity, by behavioural type, age of onset, dimensional classification
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externalizing behaviours
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overt: include conduct disorders and socialized aggression
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internalizing behaviours
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anxiety, withdrawal
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prognosis & age of onset of behavioural disorder
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late starters (not committing an offence until middle or late adolescence) have better prognosis than early starters -- early startes at greatest fisk for becoming chronic offenders
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Quay
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dimensional classification for behavioural disorders -- 5 clusters: conduct disorders, anxiety and withdrawal, socialized aggression, motor excess and childhood psychoses
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Conduct disordered children display ____________ behaviour.
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antisocial behaviour- behaviour that is disruptive, distressing, and not age-appropriate; this behaviour is resistant to change through usual disciplining
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Oppositional defiant disorders
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conditions in which children argue repeatedly with authority figures, show resentment, and often throw temper tantrums, although physical aggression is limited
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__________ is of more concern to teachers than any other behavioural disorder.
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Aggression
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Children are more likely to be aggressive if
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they have opportunities to practice aggression and if no unpleasant consequences generally follow
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Characteristics of children with socialized aggression
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Children and youth in this category are hostile, disobedient, and destructive, and often display both physical and verbal aggression. While similar in many ways to students with conduct disorders, they are also active in delinquent gangs and loyal to delinquent friends. -- social maladjustment? behaviourally disordered?
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Delinquency
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antisocial behaviours; delinquent behaviour is an illegal act by a juvenile.
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Juvenile offences are (trend)
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increasing, with more offences by younger children and by females.
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Anxiety is
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a fear with a future reference.
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Anxious and withdrawn children ________ their behaviour.
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internalize
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Symptoms of anxiety
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They may display nausea, pains, headaches, fears, obsessions, shyness, nightmares, crying, depression, and self-consciousness.
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phobias
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intense fears that have no rational basis. School phobia may be accompanied by physical illness associated with tension and extreme emotion
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_________ is/are the most prevalent condition(s) associated with suicidal behaviour.
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severe behavioural disorders - many studies have confirmed the link between suicidal behaviour and emotional instability
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Prevalence of Behavioural Disorders
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best available research data indicate that 2 to 10 percent of school-age children exhibit serious and persistent behavioural problems
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In school, the prevalence of behavioural disorder is _______ years but reaches a peak in the _____ grades. Prevalence drops off ______ (except for_______).
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low in the early; peaks in middle; levels off in secondary EXCEPT for delinquency
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biophysical approach
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Disorders may be inherited or acquired pre-, peri-, or postnatally. They may also be due to accidents, disease, or malnutrition; findings are inconclusive - biological and environmental factors combine?
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psychodynamic model
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arose from the work of Sigmund Freud; established the terminology, definitions, and classification of emotional disturbance; advocates believe that traditional psychoanalytic concepts can be employed to find and treat the causes of behavioural disorders in children.
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Psycho-Educational Model
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Focusses on the underlying problems of the child as well as school success. Teachers stress academics and affect.
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Behavioural Model
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Behaviourists try to understand causes of disorders by observing relationships among environmental factors that elicit and maintain deviant behaviour; all behaviour is learned; therefore, behavioural difficulties represent inappropriate learning.
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Psychosocial Model
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This approach focuses on the family and extra-familial influences. Much research is directed toward family structures and functioning as possible causes of behavioural disorders. Factors include parental divorce, separation, absence, conflict, neglect, hostility or illness, and inconsistent or lax discipline in the home. The risk for behavioural disorders increases with the number of variables present.
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extra-familial influences
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Social agencies other than the family that influence a child's cognitive, social, and emotional development
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Holistic Model
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The most encompassing approach is the holistic model. Stress is placed upon employing many disciplines in the treatment of children who are behaviourally disordered.
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Cognitive Developmental Consequences of Behavioural Disorders
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Many students with behavioural disorders may be slightly below the norm in cognitive development.
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Academic Achievement of students with behavioural disorders
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They usually lag behind in reading, arithmetic, and spelling. The behaviour often hinders efficient learning in conduct-disordered children. Anxious children develop a defeatist attitude that hinders social development. The timid and passive behaviour of anxious and withdrawn children interferes with the adequate utilization of potential.
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__________ are often found as co-occurring disabilities in children with behavioural disorders.
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Communication problems such as speech and language disorders -- children with behavioural problems may have learning disabilities, anxiety, mood disorders, or Tourette syndrome.
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Socialization
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the means by which individuals become acceptable members of their society
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Children with personality disorders develop strategies to cope with anxiety - describe them.
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They forego assertive, independent behaviour and instead exhibit low self-concept, poor self-esteem, and withdrawn behaviours.
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Effect of culture on diagnosis of behavioural disorders
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A high proportion of students served under the categories of behavioural disorders or serious emotional disturbance are from culturally and linguistically diverse groups. Misdiagnosis is often a culprit; equally important are the ideologies and expectations of school systems, which can have an immediate and profound effect on behaviour. Behaviour considered normal and adaptive in a subculture may be looked upon as deviant or inadequate by members of the dominant group.
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Functional Behavioural Assessment (FBA)
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; focus is on the function of a behaviour - what purpose does that behaviour serve for a student, how to reduce or eliminate the behaviour, and how to replace it with a more acceptable alternate behaviour
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Students misbehave to fulfill what 3 functions?
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acceptance/affiliation, power/control, or escape
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Childhood antisocial behaviour predicts
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problems in adjustment and health in later years, especially in boys. Children do not grow out of aggressive behaviour but continue to indulge in such activities as they mature.
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bibliotherapy
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reading books with a therapeutic purpose
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The major goal of counselling behaviourally disordered children is is
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to help children eliminate unacceptable behaviours and learn more appropriate ways of responding to people and the environment. In this regard, individual, group, family, guidance, and career and vocational counseling are used.
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The common placement for school-age children with mild behavioural disorders is
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the general classroom.
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Teachers should use _________ in classroom management.
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preventative discipline - tactics that prevent behavioural problems from emerging
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Positive Behaviour Supports (PBS)
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used to improve a school's general discipline, prevent school violence, and address individual behavioural disorders.
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______________ is the most ethical, effective and cost-effective approach to intervention with behaviourally disordered students
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Primary prevention
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Within behavioural approaches, ________ are used to increase desirable behaviour, and ________ to decrease or extinguish undesirable behaviour.
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reinforcers; aversion techniques
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Secondary level intervention focuses on
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10-20% students who do not respond to preventative measures and are at risk for adverse outcomes.
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tertiary intervention
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includes plans to address the needs of those students with chronic, challenging behaviours
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_________ is a particularly important academic feature for children with behavioural disorders.
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Training in social skills
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Social skills training goals
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instruction helps children to make and keep friends and get along with adults, and helps aggressive children to modify their behaviour
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Punishment
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Punishment is not a suggested strategy, and should be used sparingly. Punishment does not answer the "why" of poor behaviour, and, in many cases, fails to create attentive, quiet, compliant students.
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Wraparound
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refers to the integration of social intervention services directed toward assisting behaviourally disordered children and their families. It includes outpatient, home care, day treatment, and residential treatment programs, as well as foster care.
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Gender differences seen in bullying behaviour.
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; boys more often victim; girls' bullying takes different forms that are harder to detect
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The greatest number of school-aged children with behavioural disorders are categorized as
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conduct disordered.
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To reduce challenging behaviours, the most successful strategy is
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behavioural models.
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in general phobias are found more often in (gender)
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girls
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The biophysical model of behaviour disorders focuses on
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specific physical etiologies.
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