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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Aggression

Behavior intended to injure another.

Assertiveness

Behavior intended to express dominance or confidence.

Indirect aggression

Behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation.

Direct aggression

Behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face.

Emotional aggression

Hurtful behavior that stems from angry feelings.

Instrumental aggression

Hurting another to accomplish some other (nonaggressional) goal.

Displacement

Indirect expression of an aggressive impulse away from the person or animal that elicited it.

Catharsis

Discharge of aggressive impulses.

Frustration-aggression hypothesis (original)

The theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior.

Frustration-aggression hypothesis (reformulated)

The theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings.

Excitation-transfer theory

The theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses.

Type A behavior pattern

A group of personality characteristics, including time-urgency and competitiveness, that is associated with higher risk for coronary disease.

Relative deprivation

The feeling that one has less than the others to whom one compares oneself.


Cognitive-neoassociation theory

Theory that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts. Depending on other cues in the situation (such as weapons), these negative feelings will be expressed as either aggression or flight.

Weapons effect

The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Social learning theory

Theory that aggression is learned through direct reward or by watching others being rewarded for aggressiveness.

Psychopath

Individual characterized by impulsivity, irresponsibility, low empathy, grandiose self-worth, and lack of sensitivity to punishment. Such individuals are inclined toward acting violently for personal gain.

Meta-analysis

A statistical combination of results from different studies of the same topic.

Differential parental investment

The principle that animals making higher investment in their offspring (female as compared to male mammals, for instance) will be more careful in choosing mates.

Sexual selection

A form of natural selection favoring characteristics that assist animals in attracting males or in competing with members of their own sex.

Culture of honor

A set of societal norms whose central idea is that people (particularly men) should be ready to defend their honor with violent retaliatation if necessary.

Defensive attributional style

A tendency to notice threats and interpret other people's behavior as intended to do one harm.

Effect/danger ratio

Assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced against the likely dangers.