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44 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What prompted Carl Jung to study psychiatry?
He determined psychiatry was his calling after reading a Krafft-Ebing textbook that described psychoses as "diseases of the personality"
What effect did Jung and Freud's differing ideas of sexual motivation have on their friendship?
The idea eventually terminated Jung and Freud's friendship and led to Jung's "dark years"
What is Anna Freud's ego psychology?
Idea that emphasized autonomous functions of the ego; stressed in an influential book, "The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense"
Define Anna Freud's two new defense mechanisms
Altruistic surrender (person relinquishes own ambitions and lives vicariously through another) and identification with the aggressor (adopting values and mannerisms of a feared person)
Define developmental lines. Give some examples.
Anna Freud's idea regarding attempts by a child to adapt to life's demands; dependency-emotional self-reliance, play-work, irresponsibility to responsibility in body management
Melanie Klein
"Arch-nemesis" of Anna Freud; believed notions of good and bad developed during oral stage, not phallic
Erik Erikson
Student of Anna Freud; his book "Childhood and Society" described how the ego gains strength through 8 stages of psychosocial development
What was Jung's Collective Unconscious?
Jung's most controversial and important concept, reflecting cumulative experiences of humans through their entire evolutionary past
Define Jung's archetype
Inherited predisposition contained in the collective unconscious
Define Jung's introversion and extroversion
Two major orientations that people take in relating to the world; quiet, imaginative, idea-oriented vs. outgoing, sociable, people-oriented
Define teleology and synchronicity. Did Freud and Jung embrace them?
Ideas embraced by Jung but not Freud; purpose and meaningful coincidence, respectively
Freud and Jung's dream interpretation
Freud: repressed experiences reveal themselves in dreams, when one's defenses are reduced; Jung: dreams a product of collective unconscious, but people have differing abilities to recognize and express various archetypes
Alfred Adler
Sickly as a child. Developed ideas of compensation, overcompensation, inferiority, inferiority complex
Define Adler's compensation
Adjust to weakness in one part of body by developing strengths in other parts
Define Adler's overcompensation
Converting a weakness into a strength
Define Adler's inferiority
all humans begin life completely dependent on others for survival and therefore with feelings of weakness
Define Adler's inferiority complex
When people become so overwhelmed with feelings of weakness that they accomplish little or nothing
Define mistaken lifestyle
Adler's name for any lifestyle without adequate social interest
Karen Horney
Female psychologist; developed ideas of basic evil, hostility, and anxiety, and believed "anatomy is destiny"
Define Horney's basic evil
Experienced by a child if parents are indifferent, inconsistent, or hateful
Define Horney's basic hostiliy
Child experiencing basic evil develops negative feelings towards the parents and eventually the world
Define Horney's basic anxiety
When basic hostility is repressed; "all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world"
What are Horney's 3 adjustments to basic anxiety?
Moving toward people (compliant), moving against people (hostile), and movingaway from people (detached)
Define "Anatomy is destiny"; did Horney agree with Freud's statement?
The idea that one's major personality traits are determined by gender; initially she did, but changed it to imply males envy female anatomy
Summarize the Humanist Manifesto's 6 points
1) Universe is self-existing, not created;
2) Man is part of nature, result of continuous process
3) Reject traditional dualism of mind and body
4) Individual is molded by culture
5) Religion must formulate hopes and plans in light of the scientific spirit and method
6) Reject theism, deism, modernism, and "new thought"
What is a central idea of the humanists regarding human beings and God?
"We find insufficient evidence for belief in the existence of a supernatural; it is either meaningless or irrelevant to the question of survival and fulfillment of the human race. As nontheists, we begin with humans not God, nature not deity."
What is third-force psychology? What did these psychologists see as limitations to behaviorism and psychoanalysis?
Psychology that is more concerned with examining the more positive aspects of human nature. Felt that behaviorism and psychoanalysis rejected this.
Edmund Husserl
Introduced pure phenomenology. Was heavily influenced by Brentano and his ideas of intentionality
Describe Husserl's pure phenomenology and Brentano's influence on it.
Purpose was to discover the essence of conscious experience. Wanted to take Brentano's phenomenology and use it to create an objective basis for scientific inquiry.
Martin Heidegger
Husserl's student. Wrote "Being and Time." Introduced concepts of dasein, authenticity, and thrownness
Define Heidegger's dasein, authenticity, and thrownness
Dasein: a person and the world are inseparable ("being-in-the-world");
Authenticity: living life that is freely chosen and not dictated by the values of others;
Thrownness: we are thrown into life by circumstances beyond our control, and this provides the context for our existence.
Ludwig Binswanger
Created Daseinanalysis, Introducted the 3 modes of existence, the concepts of ground of existence and being-beyong-the-world
Define Binswanger's 3 modes of existence
Umwelt: world of things and events;
Mitwelt: interactions with other humans;
Eigenwelt: private, inner, subjective experience
Rollo May
Introduced existentialism to the USA. Wrote "Existential Psychology."
George Kelly
Taught at Ohio State for 19 years, where he wrote "The Psychology of Personal Constructs."
Define George Kelly's constructive alternativism
People are free to choose the constructs they use in interacting with the world.
Explain Kelly's fixed-role therapy
Assigned a role to clients to play that was different from the client's self-characterization. Therapist is like a supporting actor.
How are Vaihinger and Kelly's philosophies similar?
Both emphasized propositional thinking, the experimentation of ideas to see where they lead.
Abraham Maslow
Made humanistic psychology a formal branch. Introduced the hierarchy of needs and self-actualization. APA President.
Summarize Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Physiological needs -> safety needs -> Belonging and love needs -> Esteem needs -> Self-actualization
Describe self-actualization
Reaching one's full, human potential
Carl Rogers
Wrote "Counseling and Psychotherapy." Introduced organismic valuing process,
need for positive regard, conditions of worth, unconditional positive regard,
fully-functioning person, and incongruent person.
Roberto Assagioli
Italian psychiatrist and founder of psychosynthesis
Describe Rogers' positive regard, conditions of worth, and unconditional positive regard
Positive regard: receiving love, warmth, sympathy, etc. from relevant people in a child's life;
Conditions of worth: conditions the relevant people in our lives place on us and that we must meet before these people will give us positive regard;
Unconditional positive regard: giving positive regard without preconditions