• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/300

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

300 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Who were the first users of tobbacco and when?

Mayans, 300 AD

When did tobacco popularity begin to grow in europe?

Mid 1500s

In the 1600s how was tobacco primarily consumed?

Pipe

what were initial reactions to tobacco in europe?

met with general enthusiasm, use in all segments of society, by both sexes

what was the most popular form of tobacco in the 1700s?

snuff

what was snuff?

finely ground tobacco that is snorted

which form of tobacco use was there an 'art form' dedicated to? what are some examples?

Snuff. examples include holding the snuff box, what to do with the pinky, which fingers to take the pinch

when did chewing tobacco become popular

early 1800s

what were the two forms of chewing tobacco?

loose leaf: shredded tobacco leaves


plugs: shredded tobacco mixed with molasses and pressed into a cube

when did cigars become popular?

early to mid-1800s

when did cigarettes become introduced?

1850

what was more popular in 1850, cigars or cigarettes?

cigars. they were easier to roll.

when did cigarettes become popular? why?

they became popular in 1881. This is when the cigarette machine was invented, by James Bonsack.

How many cigarettes can the modern machine make?

20k/minute

who published a Counterblaste to Tobacco?

King James I

What did King James I publish, and what was the content?

He published A Counterblaste to Tobacco. It refuted many claims of the medical benefits of smoking, and condemned smoking in public places.

Why did Pope Urban VIII issue a worldwide ban on smoking among catholics, and when?

in 1624 Pope Urban VIII issued a worldwide ban against smoking among catholics because he felt that the sneezing resulting from tobacco use resembled sexual pleasure

Who issued a ban on smoking in the ottoman empire, and when?

Sultan Murad IV, in 1633

What were the 4 cushions on the sofa of pleasure?

tobacco, wine, opium, caffeine

who banned smoking in russia, and when?

Czar Michael, in 1634

What was the first state to ban the sale of cigarettes, and when? How many other states followed suit?

North Dakota, in 1895. 14 other states followed suit..

Who was the 'Carry Nation' of cigarettes, and what famous group did she lead? When was this group formed?

Lucy Gaston founded and headed the Anti-Cigarette league in 1899

What term did Lucy Gaston use to describe cigarettes?

Coffin Nails

Lucy Gaston ran for the republican presidential nomination when?

1920

What did hitler call tobacco?

'The Wrath of the Red Man against the White Man'

What is a main reason bans against smoking have stood the test of time?

governments had become very dependent on the tax revenue generated by tobacco sales

What was the per capita smoking consumption in 1900?

54

when did per capita smoking consumption peak, what was the per capita smoking consumption at this time, and what percent of the US population smoked at this time?

1. per capita smoking consumption peaked in 1964


2. per capita smoking consumption at this time was 4300


3. 40% of the US population were smokers

What is the current per capita smoking consumption in US and Canada?

~1000

What percent of the Canadian population smoked in the 1950s?

70%

70% of the canadian population were smokers in which decade?

1950s

What is the current percent of canadians that smoke?

20%

How much did smoking decline from the 1950s - currently (%)

50%

How many cigarettes were produced in canada in 1995?

45 billion

In 1995 enough canadian cigarettes were produced to circle the globe ____ times

112

How many cigarettes were produced in 2009?

28 billion

What was past year use of cigs by high school students in 2013?

10%

What was past year use of cigs by high school students in 2009?

13%

Smoking is increasing/declining in North America


Smoking is increasing/declining in Europe


Smoking is Increasing/declining in developing countries

Smoking is declining in North America


Smoking is declining in Europe


Smoking is increasing in developing countries

if all the cigs produced in canada were sold in canada, what would they be worth?

12 billion

Harmful effects associated with tobacco products cost canadians more per year in health care than the total for .....

either alcohol or illegal drugs

What were total costs incurred by the government for citizen tobacco use in 1992?

$17 billion

of the _____ who died from substance abuse problems in 2002, _______ were from tobacco

of the 40k who died from substance abuse problems in 2002, 37k were from tobacco

a persons life is shortened __ minutes for every dart hacked

14 minutes

smokers die up to __ years earlier than non smokers

12 years earlier

what is mainstream smoke?

smoke exhaled by the user

what is sidestream smoke?

Smoke emanating from lit tobacco

What is environmental tobacco smoke?

Mainstream Smoke + Sidestream Smoke

what is worse, mainstream or sidestream smoke. Why?

Sidestream smoke, as it has not been filtered and is less well burned.

Working in a place where smoking is permitted increases odds of getting heart disease/cancer by

30%

Environmental tobacco is the ____ leading cause of preventable death

3rd

T/F second hand smoke can lead to cognitive impairments and dementia

True

Babies exposed to second hand smoke are at increased risk of

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

What percent of females reported weight control as a primary reason for smoking?

40%

Name two social influences that dispose toward smoking

Smoking in the peer group, parental smoking

name some psychological factors smokers exhibit

low agreeableness


high extroversion


more anxiety


less self control


more eveningness

what is the comorbidity of smoking with having a mental disorder?

40%

what percent of those who do not have a mental disorder smoke?

20%

What is the most frequent disorder comorbid with smoking?

depression

why might depressed individuals self-medicate with cigarettes?

there is some evidence that nicotine has anti-depressant effects.

When was nicotine first purified, and by whom?

in 1828, named after French Ambassador to portugal, Jean Nicot

Describe nicotine to me

oily substance that smells bas and is colourless or slightly brown

What is the % of absorption of nicotine via inhalation

90%

T/F nicotine can be absorbed through the skin, and is used in insectisides

TRUE

what is the main metabolite of nicotine?

cotinine

Why might nicotine patches work better for men?

men's smoking is more about the nicotine drug, and less socially charged, unlike women's smoking. so drug therapies such as nicotine patches used to wean the patient off the drug would prove more effective.

What brand was the flintstones ad for?

Winston

T/F females don't show comorbodity for smoking and depression at younger ages

FALSE. at any age and sex, more smokers are depressed than non smokers

What is used as a marker to check for tobacco use?

cotinine in the urine. cotinine is the main metabolite of tobacco.

Is cotinine used to check for first hand smoke or second hand smoke?

both

What percent range of inhaled nicotine is excreted unchanged?

30-40%

Amount of nicotine excreted is highly dependent on?

Urinary pH

How would a diet in highly alkaline foods affect smoking?

Nicotinic excretion is highly dependent on urinary pH. More basic foods leads to more basic urine, which leads to greater renal reabsorption of nicotine, which keeps it in the blood longer, which reduces the smokers urge to smoke

How does stress affect smoking?

Stress acidifies the urine (much like ascorbic acid/Vitamin C). The nicotine is ionized in the urine, preventing reabsorption, and thus blood nicotine levels decrease. This causes the smokers urge to smoke to increase, so as to replenish blood nicotine levels.

What receptors does nicotine activate? Where many of these receptors located?

nicotinic cholinergic receptors. they are found on dopaminergic neurons located on the VTA, NA, and prefrontal cortex

activation of dopaminergic neurons leads to what?

dopamine release

what are the two ways nicotine increases dopamine levels?

1. directly by activating dopaminergic neurons


2. by inhibiting GABA, which itself modulates and inhibits dopamine release

Typical dart contains how much nicotine?

0.5 -2 mg of nicotine

What percent of the nicotine in a dart is inhaled and reaches the bloodstream?

20%

what are some characteristics of smoking topography?

depth/volume of inhalation, how long you ghost for, covering/uncovering filter holes

Why may nicotine values on packs of cigarettes be different than what humans actually obtain from them?

Smoking machine topography is different from human smoking topography. We likely get more nicotine from darts.

How may it be possible for a 'light' cigarette to deliver more nicotine than a regular one?

the only difference between light darts and regular darts is that light darts have more holes in the filter. This allows more air to get sucked into the dart, diluting the smoke and chemical constituents. Smokers will find that this ruins the taste, so they may change their smoking topography to cover these filter holes and 'fix the taste'. Unbeknownst to them, this actually increases the amount of nicotine absorbed, even moreso than a regular dart.

nicotine causes vasocontriction/vasodilation?

vasoconstriction. This leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure

what is the lethal dose of nicotine in an adult?

25mg

typical cigar contains how many lethal doses of nicotine?

2

How many compounds released in the smoking of a dart?

4000

Define Tar

any substance in tobacco smoke other than nicotine and CO

How may the presence of tar be indicated on darts?

the amount of brown staining on a filter is indicative of levels of tar

what is a physiological effect of tar?

paralyzes cilia in the lungs, allowing harmful constituents to remain in the lungs

how does CO reduce oxygen carrying capacity of blood

by preferentially binding to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin

smoking of one cigar reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood, equal to the loss of _______ of blood

250ccs

Smokers generally have ___ x the amount of carboxyhemoglobin than non smokers

10X

Are men or women more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking?

Women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking.

T/F nicotine is detrimental to the processing of information and memory

false. nicotine improves information and memory processing

What effect does nicotine have on stimuli relevance?

Nicotine reduces interference from irrelevant stimuli, and increases attention to relevant stimuli

T/F during the Stroop task, the participant is naming the word and trying to ignore the colour of the word

False. They are ignoring the semantic content and focusing on the color of the word

What effect does nicotine have on the stroop task?

Nicotine reduces interference from the semantic content and the naming of colors thus becomes faster, than when compared to a participant not on nicotine.

Recent research suggests that nicotine may alleviate ______ defecits in those with _________

Recent research suggests that nicotine may alleviate cognitive defecits in those with Alzheimer's.

Why is cannabis smoke worse than tobacco smoke?

1. joints don't have filters


2. joints have more tar than a dart


3. topography leads to greater tar absorption

Explain the modified stroop task

there are neutral words, and target words relevant to a disorder (i.e. sad, upset, for depression). Those with the target disorder will be able to block out the semantics for the neutral words at the same rate as normal people. For the target words, however, those with the target disorder show attentional bias towards the target words and will be slower in discerning the color than normal people

What is stroop's interference?

when target words slowed down those with the target disorder due to the attentional bias given to them

What is explicit cognition vs implicit cognition? Which one is the Stroop's task?

Explicit Cognition is when you have to ask the participant about their use, feelings, etc. There is room for misrepresentation.



Implicit cognition is when attentional bias can be detected, that the patient may not even know about, using tests like the Stroop's test.

Does nicotine have reinforcing properties?

Yes

Does nicotine show conditioned place preference?

yes

name 3 nicotinic antagonists and what exactly they block

1. mecamylamine (blocks nicotine receptors)


2. rimonabant (blocks cannabinoid receptors)


3. naloxone (blocks opiate receptors)

What tolerance appears in nicotine use?

tolerance to the mood effects and physiological effects

What tolerance does not appear with nicotine use

tolerance to performance effects (learning and memory task effects) and locomotor, psychomotor and reinforcing effects

how will continuous administration of nictotine affect performance on stroop task?

Nicotine improved performance on stroop task, and since there is no tolerance to the performance aspects of nicotine, this tolerance persists

T/F Tolerance plays a small role in smoking addiction

True

T/F there are no symptoms of tolerance or withdrawal to nicotine

False. there are no signs of tolerance, but there are clear signs of withdrawal in both animals and humans

What are the 2 ways to induce withdrawal symptoms

1. regular withdrawal deriving from termination of drug administration


2. precipitated withdrawal stemming from the use of an antagonist to block the receptor

what are some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal in rats?

teeth shattering, abdominal writhing, gasps and chews, ptosis, wet dog shakes, tremors

What are some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal in humans?

negative affect, decrease in arousal, sleep disturbances, tension, headaches, increased appetite with consequent weight gain. Most important is CRAVING FOR CIGARETTES

What is the most important symptom of nicotine withdrawal in humans?

craving for cigarettes

T/F craving for cigarettes stops after a few months of therapy

False. It can last for up to years on end

How many quits does the average smoker have before they successfully quit?

10

T/F most people quit without formal treatment

true

Name some factors that increase the likelihood of staying nicotine abstinent

being older, being a man, being married, having more previous quit attempts, having higher self efficacy

t/f women smoke less than man, and have less detrimental smoking topography

true

smoking in women, compared to men, is more influenced by what factors?

sensory effects, conditioned cues, social pleasures

What are 4 methods of nicotine replacement

1. transdermal patch


2. chewing gum


3. nasal spray


4. oral inhaler


What is the rationale behind nicotine replacement?

smokers attempting to quit are likely to relapse due to withdrawal symptoms

Nicotine replacement does reduce most withdrawal symptoms, except what?

Cravings for cigarettes.

What did Kumar's study show?

Those who smoked the same dose of nicotine as did those who injected, smoked less subsequently than the injected group.

What is Burpropion? What was it marketed as originally?

A nicotinic receptor antagonist (like mecamylamine). It blocks dopamine reuptake. It was originally marketed as an antidepressant. Interestingly, it requires a lower dose to be a nicotinic antagonist, than it does to be an antidepressant

What is more effective, nicotine replacement or burpropion? what is better, the former, the latter, or both combined?

burpropion. both combined is best, however.

What is Varenicline? What is it marketed as in Canada?

A partial receptor agonist for nicotinic receptors. It is called Champix here.

What caution should be taken with Champix

It can cause suicide

What percent range of women smoke during pregnancy in the USA?

15%-30%

T/F use of tobacco during pregnancy has been increasing over the years

false

Name 5 results of increased maternal smoking

increase in incidence of spontaneous abortion, still births, premature births, low birth weight, strabismus

Name some symptoms of maternal nicotine use in offspring animals

increased activity, decreased learning and memory, reduced dopamine levels


Name some symptoms of maternal nicotine use in offspring humans

developmental delays in math reading and intelligence. Agression, hyperactivity, ADD

What amount of cigarettes indicates a clear risk in increase of offspring defecits following maternal smoking?

10 or more cigarettes a day

What are three ways smoking may have a deleterious effect on the offspring

1. direct action of nicotine on the fetus


2. vasoconstriction due to decreased uterine blood flow


3. cellular hypoxia

How might paternal smoking affect offspring?

dads who smoke have lower vitamin C in their sperm, which can be related to birth defects such as cleft palate and lip

What are the 3 names of the marijuanna plant?

Cannabis sativa, indica, ruderalis

What does a weed plant look like when grown is a hot, dry climate, as compared to a cooler, humid climate?

a) fiber content is weak, but there is a lot of resin (tricones) looks like it's covered in dew


b) fiber content is higher but resin production is lowers

When was the earliest evidence of pot use and what was it used for?

10 000 years ago, used for it's fiber

What is the oldest cultivated plant not used for food?

Cannabis!

When was cannabis first used for psychoactive properties, where, and who was it attributed to?

2800 BC in China, and it was first attributed to Emporor Shen Nung

When did weed first come to Eurpoe?

early 1800s

Which book chronicled the intoxicating effects of cannabis?

Le Club des Hachicins

what was dawamesc?

sweemeat, with the tops of weed flowers, boiled in butter, and mixed with vanilla, cinnamon and pistachio

When was cannabis introduced in canada? US?

1606 and 1611

What was cannabis first used for in canada?

hemp

What were the places that cannabis consumption occurred during the prohibition called?

Tea-Rooms

T/F tea rooms were more common than speakeasies

true

Who tried to cut down on marijuanna use in the US during prohibition?

Harry Anslinger

How were early anti-marijuanna laws justified?

certain racial minorities use them. that's bad.

T/F by 1920 all states had laws banning weed

False. By 1936 all states had laws banning weed

When was marijuanna the subject of legislation in canada?

1929

____% of canadians have used weed during their life

45%

____% of canadians have used weed in the past year

15%

What was past year use of weed by canadian undergrads?

32%

Past year high school use of weed?

22%

Past month high school use of weed?

3%

What percent of grade 7 students smoked in the past year

2%

What percent of grade 12 students smoked in the past year?

39%

What is the active ingredient in marijuanna? when was it isolated/synthesized?

Dela 9 tetrahydrocannabinol. it was isolated/synthesized in 1964

what was the dosage of THC in a 1.5g joint in 1970? What is it now?

15-30mg. Now it is 60mg

what is street value of al weed products in canada?

$2.5 billion

What is hash? what does it have a high abundance of?

the dried resin of the flowers and leaves of the plant. it has many many tricones

What is the THC content of hash?

10%

T/F hash has a greater THC content than the plant itself

true

How is hash oil prepared and what is the THC content?

it is prepared by boiling hash in a solvent such as alcohol. the THC content is 40%

>__% of THC in a joint is available for absorption. How many mgs is absorbed?

less than 50%. 5-10 mgs

Of two people who have never toked before, who will get higher, the smoker or the non smoker?

The smoker, they know how to extract THC from the joint

What is one reason users often report sensitization effects of potkush?

really it's jsut because they get better at smoking weed

T/F smoking kush is an inneficient method of getting ganj to the dome

false. it is very efficient

Give a timeline of when weed effects occur

1. onset is within seconds


2. peak blood concentrations within 10 minutes


3. peak effects in 30 minutes


4. effects last for 2-4 hours

What is half life of THC

30 hours

Cooking weed into edibles increases what?

gastrointestinal tract absorption

equivalent effects produced by orally ingested pot are __ X times regular inhaled dose

3X. you need 3X more ingested weed than smoked weed to get the same high

List the 3 doses of marijuanna, low medium and high, and some purported effects for each

1/4-1/2 a joint: will produce mild euphoria and peacefulness



1 joint: produce time distortions and drowsiness.



2 joints: can produces hallucinations and delusions

T/F: Smoking tobacco interferes with REM sleep

False. Smoking weed interferes with REM sleep. and there is REM rebound afterwards

T/F: Dry mouth and thirst indicates the cholinergic system is involved

true. THC is anticholinergic.

T/F: 'munchies' indicate the cannabinoid system plays a role in the control of eating

true

What expectancy effects of pot were observed?

those that had to do with potency, strength, taste, smell, and observed smoking behaviour

T/F: libido increases with THC use in a dose dependent manner

false. low doses produce an increase in testosterone, but higher doses depress testosterone, lowering libido and causing acute impotence

What is the problem with the study that said men who smoke pot daily were 4 times more likely to reach orgasm?

it is correlational. they could just be smoking that much because they're so insecure about girls.

What is more effective, oral/spray marijuanna or inhaled marijuanna (smoking a joint)

the former

what is dronabinol/Marinol

THC in a sesame oil suspension

What is the generic and trade name for synthetic THC?

nabilone/Cesamet

What is Sativex?

oral spray of THC used to treat MS

smokable forms of THC are often given to cancer patients and aids patients to increase their appetite

no. oral forms of THC are given to cancer patients and aids patients to prevent vomiting. THC is an antiemetic.

name two examples of weed products given to cancer patients

Marinol and Cesamet

T/F: THC reduces performance on driving related tasks in a dose dependent manner

true.

Does THC impair working memory or reference memory?

Working memory

What is better for acute pain, oral or inahled THC?

inhaled fo sho

If a rat went down an unbaited arm what kind of memory error would this be?

Reference

What were the effect of thc on rats in the 8 arm radial maze test

not only did it take them longer to learn the test, they also displayed many working memory disorders

what was the effect of nicotine on rats in the 8 arm radial maze test

nicotine improved the learning of the task and working memory during the task

T/F: THC increases cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus

false. it reduces it. cholinergic system has to do with learning and memory.

T/F: hippocampus has many cannabinoid receptors

true

T/F: there is chronic learning and memory impairments as well as acute with THC

true

T/F: heavy THC users are more likely to make reference memory errors than light users

false. THC does not affect reference memory

who did the fourth grade IQ test with THC?

Block and Ghoneim

What did Block and Ghoneim discover?

Fourth graders matched with their IQ years later were categorized based on their marijuanna use. The tasks found that heavy users had significant deficiencies in verbal, math and memory abilities. Much like smoker babies.

What test did Lane et al do?

The Delayed Matching to Sample test

What did Lane et al find with the DMTS test?

impairment of DMTS matching performace was seen with the administration of THC, and impairment increased based on length of delay

what memory does DMTS deal with?

working memory

what is the substitution procedure for THC and what did it show?

an animal is trained to bar press for a drug that is known to produce self administration, and then the drug is switched for THC. If the animal maintains bar pressing, then it has shown evidence of self administration in the substitution procedure. This is the case for THC.

T/F: recent research has shown that rats and monkeys will self administer THC in a non substitution program (initiate administration)

true

does thc have reinforcing effects on rats and monkeys?

yes

What did cheer et al find?

not only did THC produce conditioned place aversion, but cannabinoid antagonists produced conditioned place preference

is there tolerance to the reinforcing effects of THC?

no

What effects of THC do animals develop tolerance to?

temperature, motor behavior, catalepsy

What are 3 reasons why there was doubt whether THC exhibited withdrawal symptoms?

1. There used to be extreme dosing regimens that were not realistic


2. thc has a long half life, as it is deposited in fat


3. there was an absence of an antagonist to block THC receptors

T/F: humans can get THC tolerance

true

what are precipitated thc withdrawal symptoms for rats?

wet dog shakes, facial rubbing , retropulsion, drooping eyelids

what are non-precipitated thc withdrawal symptoms for monkeys?

tremors, twitching, agression, anorexia

what are withdrawal symptoms to THC for humans?

unrest, hot flashes, sweating, runny nose, loose stools, loss of appetite, CRAVING FOR MARIJUANNA

how long does thc withdrawal last?

7-10 days

explain secondary reinforcing capabilities in reference to THC.

first a rat is trained to lever press for THC infusions. a small white light lit up when the progression ratio was met and the rat recieved the infusion. this caused the light to garner secondary reinforcing characteristics. it reinforces the reinforcer. when the rat was extincted from bar pressing, turning on the light AS A PRIME, caused the rat to go back to bar pressing.

What is special about cannabinoid antagonists

they have the ability to block secondary reinforcing characteristics from priming the organism into relapse.

other than the white light in the priming experiment, what else can be used as a primer?

a small dose of the drug

which nicotine antagonist can be used to treat obesity?

rimonabant. it is a cannabinoid antagonist

what is the endogenous chemical for the cannabinoid system?

anandamide

which receptor, cb1 or cb2 is relevant to the psychoactive effects of marijuanna, and where is it found?

CB1. it is found in the CNS

T/F: CB1 is involved with controlling the release of other neurotransmitters

true

what are the 4 neurochemical effects CB1 has?

1. reducing release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus


2. increasing dopamine effects in the VTA


3. reducing glutamate (involved with learning)


4. reducing GABA

T/F: subjective reactions to pot are under genetic control

true

the smoking of one joint is equal to __ darts in terms of CO, __ darts in terms of tar, and __ darts in terms of damage to the airways

the smoking of one joint is equal to 5 darts in terms of CO, 4 darts in terms of tar, and 10 darts in terms of damage to the airways

what percent of women giving birth report using an illicit substance?

3%

of those who reported using an illicit substance during pregnancy, what percent of them used marijuanna?

75%

T/F: maternal THC can produce severe teratological effects in offspring

false

what percent of how many applications for drug treatment were for pot in the US?

15% of 290k

What is the profile of the average pot smoker?

while, male, young

what percent of what number of drug treatment admissions in ontario were for pot?

15% of 48k

what percent of recreational pot users will become dependent?

10%

what are some marijuanna specific forms of treatment?

there are none

T/F: marijuanna treatments sees similar results to other drugs, difficult at first but eventually a high sucess rate

false. high success rate in the short term, but gains are lost in the long term

T/F: marijuanna dependence is not easily treated

true

what percent of the world's population consumes caffeine errday

80%

list the daily consumption for CUSU, canada, US, Sweden, UK

C - 210


U - 240


S - 425


U - 450

how much mg per cup in coffee, and in tea?

100 mg per cup of coffee


50 mg per cup of tea

______ and ______ are dimethylxanthines are often found in combination with caffeine and have similar effects

theophylline and theobromine are dimethylxanthines that are often found in combination with caffeine and have similar effects

methylxanthines occur in over ____ species of ______

methylxanthines occur in over 60 species of plants

in plants, methylxanthine serve a protective purpose. how?

xanthine, when eaten by insects, causes an increase in octopamine production, an excitatory neurotransmitter that leads to overexcitation and death.

name 6 plants that have methylxanthines

coffee, tea, yerba mate, guarana, kola nut, cacao

What is the earliest use caffeinated beverage? when and where was it used? who was it discovered by?

Tea, used in China in 2737 BC. It was discovered by emperor Shen Nung

T/F: tea spread from japan to china

false. tea spread from china to japan

when did tea migrate from china to europe?

1500

T/F: when tea was introduced in europe, it gained widespread popularity

false. it only became popular in england and europe

in ____, tea was made in urns called _____

in russia, tea was made in urns called samovars. this practise still continues today

demand for tea was so high in britain what did they do?

they forced the chinese to accept opium as payment for tea

T/F: black tea has higher caffeine content than green tea

true

T/F: tea has theophylline

true

T/F: theophylline is stronger than caffeine

false. they are equipotent

what are polyphenols?

they are substances found in green tea that prevent heart disease and cancer

T/F: black and green tea come from the same plant and have the same amount of polyphenols

false. yes they come from the same plant, but black tea leaves are fermented which destroys the polyphenols

what is the story of the discovery of coffee?

an ethiopian goatherder noticed his goats were turnt and traced it back to berries. first berries were turned into juice, but the beans soon became popular as coffee

who banned coffeehouses in the ottoman empire? when?

Sultan Murad IV banned coffeehouses in the ottoman empire in 1633, but they soon reopened.

in the ottoman empire, what happened to people found in coffeehouses a second time?

they were sewn inside a leather hand bag and tossed in a river

T/F: coffee was known in islam as the 'wine of europe'

false. coffee was known in europe as the 'wine of islam'

When did coffeehouses appear in Europe?

mid 1600s

What was a big concern with cofeehouses in europe?

it gave people a place to associate and hate the government

what was a nickname for coffeehouses in europe?

Penny Universities. Because they were an intellectual environment that didn't cost much

how many ounces in a cup of coffee?

5

T/F: both tea and coffee have multiple xanthines

false. caffeine is the only xanthine found in coffee

how many cans of cola per day does the average canadian drink? american?

1 and 3 respectively

why does caffeine need to be added to cola drinks?

1. because they want to make it addicting, they actually used to use cocaine


2. because the kola nut used to make colas does not add much caffeine

much of the caffeine added to colas comes from

the caffeine removed from the decaffeination of coffee

how many mgs of caffeine in a cola drink?

40mg

where does caffeine added to energy drinks come from?

either added, or derived from guarana

what effects do energy drinks results in? what in the energy drinks causes these effects?

cognitive improvements and mood. these effects are mostly caused by the caffeine content

T/F: energy drink consumption causes higher alcohol consumption in university

false. it is correlational. energy drink consumption correlates with higher alcohol consumption in university students.

what was past year energy drink use in high schools?

40%

what was past week energy drink use in high schools?

12%

pure caffeine is sold as ____ pills.


Name two brands and their caffeine content

pure caffeine is sold as antisleep pills


No Doz (100mg)


Vivarin (200 mg)

what is 'stay alert'?

a caffeine chewing gum with a caffeine content of 100 mg

T/F: there is faster bioavailability of caffeine via chewing gum than tablet

true

what is the primary source of methylxanthine theobromide?

chocolate

what is chocolate made from?

beans of cocao pods

Where was chocolate first used

as a drink by the aztecs. it was not sweet.

chocolates existence was widespread and celebrated in spain

no, chocolates existence was kept a secret

what was the origin of chocolate and romance?

chocolate was given by spanish princesses and betrothal gifts to Louis XIII

why was chocolate considered a symbol of wealth?

cacao and sugar were very expensive

T/F: chocolate is rich in caffeine

false

T/F: theobromine is equipotent to caffeine

false. it is much less potent.

_____ is harmful if ingested by ____

theobromine is harmful if ingested by dogs and horses

When was pure caffeine isolated from coffee and tea

isolated from coffee in 1820 and from tea in 1827

describe oral caffeine consumption trajectory

caffeine is rapidly absorbed by the GI tract. significant blood levels are reached in 30-60 minutes. peak concentrations in 1 hour.



what is the half life of caffeine

5 hours

smokers metabolize caffeine __ as fast as nonsmokers

twice

how do SSRIs affect caffeine levels

they inhibit the cyp ezyme that metabolized caff

what is the half life of caffeine in a pregnant woman

10 hours

what is the neurochemical action of methylxanthines

caffeine and other methylxanthines are competetive antagonists for adenosine receptors in the CNS and peripheries. adenosine acts to supress neural activity, but caffeines antagonism reverses these effects and pupil dilation, increased muscle tone, and 'fight or flight' excitation occurs.

how does caffeine relieve headaches

it constricts blood vessels in the brain

what is the lethal dose of caffeine?

200 mg/kg

T/F: caffeine has high reinforcing effects

false. but it still does have reinforcing fx

what is enough caffeine content to cause caffeinism?

600 mg, 6 cups of coff, 2 starbucks grandes

what is the minimum diagnosable dose for caffeinism according to DSM V

250 mg

to what does caffeine tolerance occur to?

cardiovascular effects, locomotor effects, and mood effects.

what is the most common withdrawal symptom of caffeine

headache

when do caffeine withdrawal symtpoms begin, peak, and leave

they begin 12-24 hours after caffeine cessation


they peak 24-48 hours after caffeine cessation


they leave within a week

how many cups of coffee to kill a 200 lb person? how many vivarin tablets?

150, 90

caffeine may reduce fertility in women even when smoking is controlled

dsad

maternal caffeine use was associated with

low birth weight. also 75% of pregnant broads drink coff