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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When do children usually give up their naps? |
At about age 4, and get more nighttime sleep |
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What percentage of preschoolers have sleep issues? |
20-35% |
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What are nightmares? |
Vivid, frightening dreams occurring toward morning, usually wake the dreamer Occasional ones are normal |
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What are night terrors? |
A byproduct of wakening too rapidly from deep sleep, in which the child appears to wake in a panicked state, nonresponsive, then goes back to sleep quickly, doesn't remember in the morning |
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What is sleepwalking? |
when children are in deep sleep and do not awaken but get out of bed and walk best to wake them and return to bed |
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How common is bedwetting? |
10-15% on 5 year olds eliminate feelings of guilt and shame |
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At what age can children put on simple clothing and use zippers? |
2 or 3 years |
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What age can they use buttons? |
3 or 4 |
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When can they dress and undress (but shoes)? |
5 |
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When can they tie shoes? |
6 |
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How can 2 year olds, and 4-5 year olds print and draw? |
2 year olds can scribble 4/5 year olds can draw objects |
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What causes handedness? |
Unknown Possibly genetics and definitely environment plays a role |
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What is lateralization? |
certain cognitive functions are located on one side of the brain more than the other *possible link between handedness and lateralization |
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How have schemes changed in cognitive development? |
They are now based primarily on functional or conceptual relationships, rather than actions |
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What happens in preoperational thinking? |
can form mental representations symbolic thought becomes possible |
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What is egocentrism? |
Difficult in seeing the world from another's point of view This is typical in the preoperational period |
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What is animism? |
crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings (ex. they believe a car is hurt because it got into a car accident) |
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Centration |
Narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational children Often can focus on only one aspect of a situation at a given time |
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Give an explanation why children fail to solve conservation problems. |
They think with centration... They can only focus on one aspect of a situation (ex. only focus on the level of juice and not the diameter of the becker) |
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What do preoperational children often confuse? |
Appearance and reality (believe that an object's appearance tells what the object is really like) |
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What is teleological explanations? |
Children believe that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose (lions exist so that people can see them in a zoo) |
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What is essentialism? |
Children believe that all living things have an essence that can't be seen but gives a living thing its identity (ex. a bird has a "birdness" that separates it from dogs) |
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What are some common misconceptions children have about naive biology (naive theories)? |
Body parts have intentions (bones want to grow) Plants aren't living things (due to goal-directed movement) |
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What are the 2 general principles of information processing? |
Mental hardware Mental software |
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What is mental hardware? |
mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate |
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What is mental software? |
mental "programs" that are the basis for performing particular tasks |
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How has the attention span of preschoolers improved from infancy? |
Improved greatly, but not adult level |
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How can adults help preschoolers pay attention? |
Reducing distractions Reminding them to pay attention |
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What does Bandura's social learning theory indicate about preschoolers? |
That many learn how to accomplish some tasks just by watching others |
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What is an autobiographical memory? |
memories of the significant events and experiences of one's own life (ex. who was your grade 4 teacher?) |
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What can preschoolers remember? |
Basic memory skills to remember past events language skills to talk about memories sense of self |
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What is source monitoring and how good are preschoolers good at it? |
Identifying the source of a memory NOT GOOD - may confuse actual and fake events |
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What is important to do when children are eyewitnesses? |
Interview them ASAP Encourage them to tell the truth or say IDK Get them to describe in their own words Use open-ended questions Ask questions that consider alternative explanations of the event |
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What are the three principles Gelman and Meck suggested about understanding numbers and counting? |
1. One-to-one principle 2. Stable-order principle 3. Cardinality principle |
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What is the one-to-one principle? |
a counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted |
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What is the stable-order principle? |
counting principle that states that number names must always be counted in the same order |
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What is the cardinality principle? |
counting principle that states that the last number name denotes the number of items being counted (ex. the child emphasizes EIGHT) |
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How can children learn number names more easily? |
frequently exposed to them at home using plural nouns after the number nine |
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What did Vygotsky suggest about children and learning? |
Suggested that children learn through their interactions with more competent others |
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What is intersubjectivity? |
mutual, shared understanding among participants in an activity (ex. sharing the goal of a board game) |
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What is guided participation? |
Children's involvement in structured activities with other who are more skilled than they (children learn from others) |
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development |
Difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone *Guidance and encouragement can help them achieve something they couldn't do alone |
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What is Scaffolding? |
a teaching style in which adults adjust the amount of assistance that they need to offer, based on the learner's needs can be verbal and nonverbal |
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What is private speech? |
Comments that are not intended for others but serve the purpose of helping children regulate their behaviour (ex. a child can talk to himself while colouring to help colour the picture) |
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How do preschoolers use sentence cues? |
They can determine what type of word a new word is by how it is used in a sentence |
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What are the two types of naming errors children often make? |
Underextension Overextension |
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What is overextension? |
when children define words more broadly than adults do (all men is "dad") |
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What is underextension? |
when children define words narrowly than adults do (only mom is a girl) |
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What are two important factors in individual learning differences? |
1. Phonological memory 2. The child's language environment |
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What is phonological memory? |
The ability to remember speech sounds briefly |
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How are bilingual children different at learning language? |
Little slow in language progress at first Catch up quickly Usually have larger total vocabularies |
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What are some advantages being bilingual? |
Better at understanding the symbolic and arbitrary nature of words Better at switching between tasks Better at inhibiting inappropriate responses |
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What are the two word learning styles? |
1. Referential style 2. Expressive style * Most children are somewhere in between |
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What is referential style? |
Refers to children whose vocabularies consist mainly of words that name objects, people, or actions Use it as a mean of talking and learning |
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What is expressive style? |
Refers to children whose vocabularies include some name, but also many social phrases (use it as a way to enhance interactions with others) |
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How can parents encourage language growth? |
Talking to children often Reading to children often Videos Educational programs |
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What is telegraphic speech? |
Speech used by young children that contains only the words that are necessary to get the message across Lacks grammatical morphemes (ex. He eating) |
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What are grammatical morphemes? |
Words or ending of words that make a sentence grammatical |
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How do we know children are learning grammatical rules? |
They apply grammatical rules to novel words Demonstrate overregularization |
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What is overregularization? |
grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule saying mouses, not mice |
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How do children acquire grammar, according to B F Skinner? |
Imitation and reinforcement |
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How do children acquire grammar according to linguistics? |
Children are born with mechanisms that help them process language in helpful ways An inborn "grammar learning processor" |
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Is there a critical period for language learning? |
Yes, from birth to about 12 years |
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How do children acquire grammar according to social interaction? |
Focuses on social interactions and motivation Children are motivated to express themselves Parents are motivated to teach and understand their children |
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How good do children listen? |
Can't always realize when a message in ambiguous Messages can be vague and confusing |
