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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is an operational definition?
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a definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable
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part of an experiment introduction
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What is a case study?
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an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
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type of info collection for psych
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What is naturalistic observation?
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a descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects
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guy sitting in corner in classroom
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What is an experiment?
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a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
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manipulation
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What is an independent variable? What is a dependent variable?
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in an experiment: a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable; the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
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What test are they used in?
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What is experimenter bias? How can it be prevented?
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a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained; by a double-blind procedure (a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control group)
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What is the definition of that procedure?
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What is a confounding of variables?
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a condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects
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What type of test does this effect (what parts of it)?
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What are neurons? What are glial cells?
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major 2 parts of the nervous system: individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information; cells found throughout the nervous system that provide structural support, nourishment, and insulation for neurons
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These two are the _____ _____ __ ___ _______ ______.
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What is an axon? A dendrite? A synapse?
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a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or glands; branchlike part of of a neuron that is specialized to receive information; a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next
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How are they all connected?
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What are the 4 lobes of the brain, and where are they located?
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parietal (top), occipital (back), temporal (ear), frontal (front)
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TOP
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What is social desirablility bias?
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a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
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the way you might answer questions on a survey
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What are neurotransmitters?
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chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
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in synapses
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What is a hypothesis? A theory?
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a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables; a system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations
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statement vs. system
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When you have a 50-100-150 watt lightbulb, the perceived difference from 50 to 100 watts is _______ than the perceived difference from 100 to 150 watts.
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greater
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threshold
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Where would there be damage if you couldn't see the right half of your visual world?
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the left visual cortex
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L or R eye or brain?
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What is opponent-process theory? Trichromatic theory?
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the theory that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors; the theory of color vision holding that the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different wavelengths
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color
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What is auditory localization? What are the 2 things it depends on?
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locating the source of a sound in space; the difference in loudness between the two ears and the timing difference between the two ears
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where is the sound?
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What is absolute threshold?
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the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input
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50%
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What is classical conditioning? Operant conditioning?
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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus; a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
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stimuli vs consequences
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What is top-down processing? Bottom-up processing?
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in form perception: a progression from the whole to the elements; progression from individual elements to the whole
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in form perception...
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
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classical conditioning
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What is an unconditioned response? A conditioned response? An unconditioned stimulus? A conditioned stimulus? A neutral stimulus?
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an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning; a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning; a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning; a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response; doesn't originally evoke the response
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classical conditioning
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What is shaping?
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the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
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operant conditioning
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What is positive reinforcement? Negative reinforcement? Punishment?
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reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus; the strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus; an event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response
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operant conditioning
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What is a flashbulb memory?
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unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
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fade like regular memories
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What is functional fixedness?
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the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
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uses of an item
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What is retrieval?
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recovering information from memory stores
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memory
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What is prospective memory?
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the ability to remember to perform actions in the future
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future
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What is mental set?
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persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
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problem solving
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What is a phoneme? A morpheme?
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the smallest unit of sound in a spoken language; the smallest unit of meaning in a language
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language
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What does it mean that language is generative?
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there are a limited number of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways
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combos
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What is episodic memory? Semantic memory?
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chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences; general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
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2 parts of declarative memory; time
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When does most forgetting occur?
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very rapidly after learning something
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slow or fast
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How is memory best viewed?
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as a reconstruction of events or materials
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Dad's profession
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What is a representativeness heuristic?
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basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
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prototypes
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What is encoding?
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forming a memory code
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memory
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What is the serial-position effect?
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the fact that subjects show better recall for items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list than for items in the middle
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in memory tests...
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What is the capacity of short-term memory?
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5-9 units of information
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increased by chunking
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What is an availability heuristic?
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basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
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overestimating and underestimating
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How do adults divide sounds?
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they divide a continuously changing sequence of sounds into categories
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like R, R, R, R, L, L, L, L
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Can infants distinguish among all sounds despite the language spoken at home?
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yes
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scientist in the crib
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Can children mis-add endings to words even after getting it correct before?
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yes
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womans vs women
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What is the way we categorically perceive speech based on?
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the language we speak
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scientist in the crib
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What are schemas? Weapon focus? Memory reconstruction? Leading questions?
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an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events; not knowing what the person looked like because of focusing on the weapon; memories change over time; questions used on an eyewitness that can change their memories of what happened
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eyewitness; Loftus
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What is set-point? Settling-point?
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the idea that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them (and weight) fairly stable; the idea that weight tends to drift around a level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium
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fat theories
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What is the Coolidge effect?
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Coolidge wanted more hens, Mrs. Coolidge wanted more times
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rooster story
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What is an EEG?
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a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
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electroencephalograph
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What is a circadian rhythm?
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the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
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human
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What is REM sleep?
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a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming
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also loss of muscle tone
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What is insomnia?
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chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
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most common sleep disorder
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What is narcolepsy?
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a disease marked by sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
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Big J
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What is sleep apnea?
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a sleep disorder characterized by frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
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air
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What are night terrors? Nightmares?
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abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic; anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep
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NREM vs REM
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What is a representative sample?
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a sample of the population that is representative of the entire population, instead of just one part of the population
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census data
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What is a biased sample?
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a sample that is not representative of the population
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bad
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What type of tests use cause-effect relationships?
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experiments
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What are the divisions of the nervous system?
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the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
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2
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What are the divisions of the CNS?
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brain and spinal cord
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2
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What are the divisions of the PNS?
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the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
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2
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What part of color and light is wavelength closest to?
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hue
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What is proximity? Similarity?
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things that are near one another seem to belong together; people tend to group stimuli that are similar
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grouping
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