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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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define sensation |
stimulaton of sense organs |
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define perception |
selection organization and interpretation of sesory data |
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what is visual agnosia? |
eyes working but brain not processing |
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what does amplitude of light effect< what about wavelength? |
brightness color |
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as ________ declines saturation increases |
whiteness |
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many insects can see __________ fish can see ___________ |
ultraviolet infrared |
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what needs to happen for people to be able to see |
incoming visual imput must be converted by neural impulses that are sent to brain |
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name two main purposes of eyes |
channel light into neural issue that receives it they house that tissue |
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define eye |
living optical instrument that creates an image of the visual world on the light-sensitive retina |
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descriibe path of light hitting eyes what does lense do what does pupil do? |
passes through cornea, pupil and lense falls on retina upside down, lense adjusting curvature focuses image on falling retina regulates amount of light passing into rear chamber of eye |
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does it matter how image sits in retina? |
no so long as brain understands where to locate it |
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where does light enter? |
cornea |
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what is a lense what is up made up of what process does it facilitate? describe this process
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transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays on retina. made up of soft tissue, capable of adjustments . Accommodation occurs when the curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus. |
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when do accomodations occur? how? |
a close object, the lens of your eye gets fatter (rounder) When you focus on distant objects, the lens flattens |
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what is blurry in farsightedness |
close objects |
n |
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2 common causes of visual problems? |
focusing problems or defects in lense |
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what is blurry in nearsightedness |
2distance objects |
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main problem in focusing issue |
eyeball is too short, cataract, lense is clouded age |
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define retina |
neural tissue lining surface interior of eye |
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the retina contains many receptors that are _______________ |
sensitive to light |
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what percent of light at cornea reach receptors in retina |
10% |
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what do fibers do in the optic disk? |
drive through hole in retina to exit eye |
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two types of receptors in retina? |
rods and cones |
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shape of rods shape of cones purposes which one is there more of? |
elongated stubby cones- visial receptors thats play into daylight and color vision rods - night vision nd peripheral vision more rods |
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what is a fovea ? |
The fovea is a tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot |
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if eye in center of fovea, you are trying to see? |
sharp focus |
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define psychophysics |
study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience |
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what do sesory receptors do? |
dtect environmentl stimuli convert it into electro chemical signals |
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light is both a ____ and a ________ |
particle wave |
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what is wavelength |
one complete cycle of wave |
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list 5 main senses 2 lesser known 2 stimuli for touch which is most sudied? |
see, hear, taste, touch, smell kinesthetic vestibular heat cold pain pressire vision |
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size range of visible light what do wavelengths determine |
440 nm o 700nm hue of color |
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list 4 main components of eye from the point where light enters |
cornea- light enter lens - focuse light rays on retina iris - constricting + dialating pupil - hole in iris, regulate amount of light |
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what is retina purpose? |
absorbs light from eye, transports to brain
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define optic disk |
optic nerve leaves eye |
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receptor celss in eyes|? wat tme of day is each good for |
rods- black and white low vision ccones- color daylight |
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2 parts of physical info processing |
receptive fields lateral antagonisms |
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define optic chiasm |
point in brain where optic nerve from each eye meey and crossover to opposite sides of brain |
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what is a bipolar cells |
neurons that connect rods and cones to ganglion cells |
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what is a ganglion cell? |
neurons that connect to bipolar cells to form optic nerve with axons |
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which sees color, rod or cone? why? |
cones
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describe amount of wavelengths absorbed by white and blac |
white- reflects all wavelengths black- absorbs all |
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what lead young and helmoltz to propose that we have three photo receptors ? |
mixing 3 lprimary lights- could create illusion of all colors |
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describe 3 cells in opponent process theory of color vision w who proposed it? |
r-g opponent cells y-b opponent cells 3rd sensitive to brightness color sensed and encoded ewald hering |
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wat did trichromatic theory explain? |
each photoreceptor sensitive to different range of wavelength s |
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what does trichromatic theory not acccount for? |
after images |
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auditory perception occurs when ________________________ |
sound waves interact with with structures of ear |
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what do soundwaves need to exist? |
air |
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purpose of structure in ear? |
encode frequency ( pitch)and loudnes (ampplitude) |
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the structures of the ear do what to transduct sounds wat does basilar membrane do to sound waves |
transform changes in air pressure into vibrations in the basilar membrance vibrates causing hairs in hair cells to bend |
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what does bending of hairs in hair cells leead to? describe steps |
change in electrical potential within the cell which is carried through the auditory nerve to thalamus and auditory cortex |
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what is gestation |
taste allows perceptions of close chemical |
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describe vestibular and where receptors are describe kinestetic- |
sense of balance, receptors located in the inner ear sense of location of body parts in relation to each other |
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what are proprioceptors |
receptors in muscles and joints that provide info about body and movement |
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name three structures of the ear and their purpose |
outer ear - acts as funnel middle ear- three small bones that amplify sound inner ear - structure transduce sound in neural response |
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define proprioceptors |
receptors in muscle and joints that provide info about body movement and position |
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define perceptual organization |
organizing and interprettinf sensory info |
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what did gestalt psychologists hypothesize? |
whole greater than some in tems of individuals psychology interested in global nature of perceptions |
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what is a secondary theory of gestalt psychologists? |
perception was organization of scene into figure (object) and backgroud |
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what is gestalt grouping principles? what are the rules state? |
our perceptual systems automatically organized sesory input based on rules proximity similarity closure continuity common fate simplicity |
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________ vs _______ processing |
bottom up vs top down |
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steps of bottom up processing |
detect specific features of stimulus combine feature recognition |
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step of top down processing |
formulate perceptual hypothesis examine features of hypothesis recognize stimulus |
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what are two types of depth cues |
monocular- depth cues appear in image in either eye binocular- comparing right and left eye images |
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what is convergence? |
degree eye muscles must rotate to see object |
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list some monocular depth cues |
relative image size linear perspective texture gradient overlap- introspection aerial perspective shading accomodation motion paralax |
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what is perceptual constancy? |
when viewing conditions change the retinal image changes even if objects being veiwed remain constant |
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examples of sensory receptors |
rod cone nerve ending |
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what does the brain do? |
generate conscious awareness |
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how did william james discribe the mind ? |
continually changing stream or river of mental activity |
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what did descartes see the mind as being? |
dissociated from but connected to the body |
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what was freud interested in? |
subconscious |
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list some things humans are uniquely known for what is consciousness equal to? |
awareness of internal and external stimuli awareness of self awareness of thoughts and feelings personal awareness |
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what is blind sight? |
seeing things subject is unaware of |
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what is visual spatial neglect? what does it impair? example? |
damage to parietal lobe ability to attend to the side of the damaged hemisphere vision is normal but attention is imPAIRED
person only draws clock on half a clock
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describe the path of changing light levels in effecting body clock for melatonin |
light levels--- retina--- suprachiasmic nucleus of hypthalamus ---pineal gland-- secretion of melatonin |
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what is melatonin? |
hormone of pineal gland producing sleepiness |
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in left spatial neglect, which side gets left out? |
the left |
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what is an electroencephalogram: |
monitoring of brain electrical activity |
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list CPS of 4 different frequencies and list what they represent |
beta- 13-24 normal waking alpha- 8-12 meditation relaxing theta- 4-7 light or deep sleep delta-<4 |
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what resets our body clocks? |
time cues- light |
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what is a circadian rhythm |
rhythmic change that occurs at 24 hour cycles in abesence of time cues |
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what does infradian mean? ultradian? |
less that once a day more than once a day |
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describes siffres experiment |
lived in cave for seven months no time ques mentally lost 25 days |
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list things that can happen during sleep deprivation. after 24 hours what are there areas of the brain good for? |
metabolism in prefrontal and parietal associational areas of brain decrease judgement, impulse control, attention and visual association |
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describe gene sequence effecting morning or night people |
period3 gene long = early riser short gene = late riser |
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what is insomnia? narcolepsy? sleep apnea? night terror? somnambulism? lack of dreams? |
diffilculty sleeping uncontrallable sleep episodes gasping for air awakening sleeper intense arousal and panic during nrem pariental lobe injury |
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what is psychoanalytic interpretation of dreams? list types of content |
analyzing dreams as wish fulfilments manifest content- elements of dream experienced and remembered latent- content- unconscious wishes concealed in manifest |
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what is dream synthesis |
brain brings images to life in dream |
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what is drug abuse according to jaffe |
use of drug in any manor deviating from approved medical or social pattern in given culture |
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list 3 main depressants |
alcohol barbituates tranquilizers |
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cause of behavioural change must be ________ 2 examples |
internal some form of memory associative pathways formed |
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what is habituation? |
persistent waning of a response that results from repeated stimuli ex- sound wakes you at night but is fine in day |
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what is association learning? |
learn an association between stimulus and response |
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2 types of conditioning? |
classical operant |
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what is condtioning |
process of forming associations thru experience |
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difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
conditioned after it gets a response but not normally a condition unconditioned when it naturally elicits response |
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what is behaviourism? who founded it when? |
the attempt to understand observable activity interms of observabled stimuli and responses john b watson 1913 bf skinner 1938 |
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what did john watson think about conditioning of children? |
you can train a persons neural pathways to be a specific way |
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what is operant conditioning? who said it? |
reinforcement and punishment used to train associations skinner |
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4 necessary components of observational learning |
observation memory motor skills motivation |
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what is latent learning |
learns associations without reinforcement |
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define peparedness contra preparedness |
evolutionarily sensible- associate food with illness conflict with species natural behaviour |
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what is shaping mean in operant condtioning extinction? |
reinforcing closer approximation of behaviour until correct behaviour is displayed when reinforcements are no longer received |
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what is memory? |
mental processes that enable us to retain and use info over time |
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what is encoding storage? retrieval? |
transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in memory system retaining info in memory so it can be used at a later date recovering info from memory to concious |
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two major types of sensory memory? duration? |
iconic- visual info 3 seconds echoic- auditory 2 seconds |
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purpose of sensory memory? |
holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics |
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how does sensory memory form? |
attention transfers info to working memory automatic |
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is sensory memory capacity big or small? |
big |
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three stages of memory? |
sensory memory working or short term long term |
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short term memory function capacity? duration |
conscious processing of info limited capacity duration 30 seconds |
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what is maintenance rehearsal |
mental or verab repetition of info allows info to remain longer in working memory |
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what happens to info after it has passed from sesory to working memory |
encoded for long term memory |
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function of long term memory? more or less passive? capacity? duration? 2 major processes involved? |
organizes and stores info more passive unlimited capacity thought to be permanent encoding- controls movement from working to long term retrieval- from long term to working |
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what is serial position effect? example? |
long term memory depends of temporal order of presentation during encoding memory enhanced when something is at beginnning or end of list |
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2 types of long term memory |
explicit memory- awareness- conciousless recollected aka declarative implicit memory- no conscious recollection but effects behaviour |
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wat is episodic info? semantic info? |
tied to own experience- info about events ex- what month is your bday? what is semantic info? info about the world that is general |
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2 types of explicit memory |
episodic and semantic |
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what is implicity memory? |
nondeclarative memory influences thoughts but not in conscious aka musle memory or forgotten life lessons |
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3 main ways memories are organized? |
clustering heirarchal organization association |
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describe heirarchal organization what happens when list items are randon? |
related items clustered together in categories matching categories clustered together harder time remembering them |
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describe semantic network model |
mentl links form concepts with common properties |
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retrieval of data moves from ______ to ____ |
ltm to stm |
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list and describe 3 measures of retrieval |
recall- free recalling cued recall- using cue recognition- using multiple choice |
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describe encoding specificity |
conditions of retieval similar to conditions of encoding but retrieval more successful |
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you are more likely to remember things if... describe 3 conditions for this |
conditions under which you recall are similar to that where you learned them context effect- environmental cues to recall state dependent retrieval-physical or internal factors mood congruence - factors related to mood or emotions |
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what are flashbulb memories? |
recal very sspecific images or details about a vivid rare or significant event not more accurate stress hormone boost |
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what is memory distortion and how does it happen |
memory distorter by people trying to ft new info into existing schema |
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what is a schema? |
mental representation of an object, scene, or event |
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describe scripts |
Mental organization of events in time |
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list 5 reasons somebody might forget theories |
cue dependence encoding failure interference theories motivted forgetting decay |
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describe forgetting as encoding failure |
info never encoded into ltm |
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what is interference theory<? |
memories interfering with memories |
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what are two types of interference- describe each |
retroactive interference - when new memory interferes wth old info proactive interference - when old memory interferes with new info |
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describe motivated forgetting list 2 kinds |
undesired memory held back ffrom awareness suppression- concious forgetting repression- unconscious |
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describe decay theories |
memories fade over time if unexercised |
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what plays critical role in decay theory? what did hermann ebbinghaus do? |
time studied forgetting using nonsense syllables |
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describe amnesia list different types |
severe memory loss retrograde amnesia-cant remember past anterograde amnesia innability to form new memories |
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list three parts of the physiology of memory |
biochem neural circuitry anatomy |
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what does cerebral cortex store? |
memories involving sequence of events but not events themselves |
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what does amygdala do in memory |
encodes emotional aspects of memories |
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what does hippocampus do for memory? |
encodes and transfers new explicit memories to LTM |
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what memories does cerebellum store? |
memories involving movement |
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describe context dependent memory what is also important for this? |
improved ability to remember if tested in the same environment as intially learned time of day |
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what else is important in context dependent memory? |
time of day |
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describe state dependent effects what also effects state this |
recall improved if internal physiological or emotional state is the same during testing and initial encoding mood |
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6 ways to improve memory |
rehearsal practice and minimize interference deep processing organize info verbal mnemonics visual mnemonics |
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define mnemonic |
pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something |
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