Psych 150 Modules 1,2,3,4 And Appendix A (Test 1)

Front 1

Studies the link between biology and psychological events

Back 1

Biological psychology

Front 2

Nerve cell

Back 2

Neuron

Front 3

Fibers that receive info and pass it to cell body

Back 3

dendrites

Front 4

Passes messages to other cells

Back 4

Axon (or axon terminal)

Front 5

Brief electrical charge that passes down the axon in an all-or-nothing fashion

Back 5

Action Potential

Front 6

The net level of excitatory signals needed to trigger the action potential

Back 6

Threshold

Front 7

Gap between neurons

Back 7

Synapse, or synaptic gap

Front 8

Molecules that cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on other neurons

Back 8

Neurotransmitters

Front 9

Neurotransmitter molecules that respond to pain and vigorous exercise, creating "runner's high"

Back 9

Endorphins

Front 10

Electrical cables formed by bundles of axons

Back 10

Nerves

Front 11

Gather sensory input from tissue and send it to brain and spinal chord for processing

Back 11

Sensory neurons

Front 12

Carry instructions from central nervous system to tissue

Back 12

Motor neurons

Front 13

Process information within the central nervous system

Back 13

interneurons

Front 14

Nervous system that gathers info for the CNS and also sends messages from the CNS to tissue

Back 14

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 15

Subsystem of the PNS that controls voluntary muscle movement

Back 15

Somatic nervous system

Front 16

Subsystem of the PNS that controls involuntary actions such as breathing

Back 16

Autonomic nervous system

Front 17

Subsystem of the Autonomic nervous system that causes the body to become excited

Back 17

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 18

Subsystem of the Autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy

Back 18

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 19

Nervous system containing the brain and spinal chord

Back 19

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 20

Automatic response to stimuli

Back 20

Reflex

Front 21

Slower message system that communicates information via hormones

Back 21

Endocrine system

Front 22

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system

Back 22

Hormones

Front 23

These secrete adrenaline in exciting situations

Back 23

Adrenal glands

Front 24

Small but important gland in the brain that triggers other glands and influences growth

Back 24

Pituitary gland

Front 25

Oldest and innermost region of the brain

Back 25

Brain stem

Front 26

Swelled portion of the brain stem where the spinal chord enters the skull, controls heartbeat and breathing

Back 26

Medulla

Front 27

Switchboard of the brain that routes sensory input such as eyesight, hearing, etc. (not smell).

Back 27

Thalamus

Front 28

"Netlike" network of neurons spanning the brain stem, causes the body to become aroused

Back 28

Reticular formation

Front 29

"little brain", coordinates voluntary motion, modulates emotion, and discriminates sounds and textures

Back 29

Cerebellum

Front 30

Neural system located between the older brain and the cerebral hemispheres

Back 30

Limbic system

Front 31

Part of the limbic system, it influences aggression and fear

Back 31

Amygdala

Front 32

Part of the limbic system, this "pleasure center" controls feelings of hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. It also controls the pituitary gland.

Back 32

Hypothalamus

Front 33

Destruction of brain tissue

Back 33

Lesion

Front 34

Provides an amplified readout of brainwaves

Back 34

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Front 35

Depicts brain activity by showing concentrations of glucose

Back 35

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

Front 36

Uses magnetic fields to display the brain

Back 36

Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 37

Uses magnetic fields to display the brain while also showing how the brain functions

Back 37

Functional MRI

Front 38

The outer layer of the brain, it serves as the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

Back 38

Cerebral Cortex

Front 39

Part of the cerebral cortex, they are located behind the forehead and control speech, planning, muscle movements, and judging

Back 39

Frontal lobes

Front 40

Part of the cerebral cortex, they are located at the top rear of the head and receive sensory input for touch and body position

Back 40

Parietal lobes

Front 41

Part of the cerebral cortex, they are located at the back of the head and receive information from the visual fields

Back 41

Occipital lobes

Front 42

Part of the cerebral cortex, they are located just above the ears and process auditory information

Back 42

Temporal lobes

Front 43

Thin band across the top of the cerebral cortex that sends messages to the body

Back 43

Motor Cortex

Front 44

Thin band across the top of the cerebral cortex that receives messages from the body

Back 44

Sensory Cortex

Front 45

Part of the cerebral cortex, these areas integrate information and link sensory input with stored memories

Back 45

Association areas

Front 46

An impaired use of language

Back 46

Aphasia

Front 47

Located in the left frontal lobe, associated with impaired speaking

Back 47

Broca's Area

Front 48

Located in the left temporal lobe, associated with impaired understanding

Back 48

Wernicke's area

Front 49

The ability of the brain to self-modify and reorganize after injury

Back 49

Plasticity

Front 50

The forming of new neurons

Back 50

Neurogenesis

Front 51

Band of fibers that connect the hemispheres of the brain

Back 51

Corpus callosum

Front 52

The result of a severed corpus callosum

Back 52

split brain

Front 53

The study of observable behavior

Back 53

Behaviorism

Front 54

Focuses on current environmental influences

Back 54

Humanistic Psychology

Front 55

Studies the link between brain activity and mental activity

Back 55

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 56

Science of behavior and mental processes

Back 56

Psychology

Front 57

Issue regarding biology versus environment

Back 57

Nature/Nurture

Front 58

Combines psychology's 3 main levels of analysis

Back 58

The Biopsychosocial approach:
1. Biological factors
2. Psychosocial factors
3. Social-cultural factors

Front 59

A sub-field of psychology, it builds the knowledge base

Back 59

Basic research

Front 60

A sub-field of psychology, it tackles practical problems

Back 60

Applied research

Front 61

A sub-field of psychology, it helps people cope with challenges and crises

Back 61

Counseling psychology

Front 62

A sub-field of psychology, it treats mental, emotional and behavior disorders

Back 62

Clinical psychology

Front 63

A sub-field of psychology, it is practiced by MDs who prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders

Back 63

Psychiatry

Front 64

SQ3R

Back 64

Tip for studying psychology:
Survey
Question
Read
Rehearse
Review

Front 65

The I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

Back 65

Hindsight bias

Front 66

The questioning of assumptions and claims

Back 66

Critical thinking

Front 67

Part of the scientific method, it is an organized set of observations used to predict behaviors and events

Back 67

Theory

Front 68

Part of the scientific method, it is a testable prediction

Back 68

Hypothesis

Front 69

Part of the scientific method, it is a precise description of a procedure used to avoid bias and allow for replication

Back 69

Operational definition

Front 70

Part of the scientific method, it is the process of repeating a study using operational definitions

Back 70

Replication

Front 71

One of the 3 types of descriptive research, it examines a small N (1 or 2 people)

Back 71

Case study

Front 72

One of the 3 types of descriptive research, it is a less in-depth look at several cases at onces (a big N)

Back 72

Survey

Front 73

One of the 3 types of descriptive research, it is the process of recording behavior in a naturally-occurring environment

Back 73

Naturalistic observation

Front 74

The group of people/things that are being generalized about in an experiment

Back 74

Population

Front 75

The act of behaving differently (better) when one knows they are being observed

Back 75

Hawthorne Effect

Front 76

Traits or behaviors that are related to each other in some way

Back 76

Correlation

Front 77

A perceived but non-existent correlation

Back 77

Illusory correlation

Front 78

A study that manipulates a variable

Back 78

Experiment

Front 79

The assigning of study groups in order to achieve unbiased results

Back 79

Random Assignment

Front 80

The study group that receives the treatment

Back 80

Experimental group

Front 81

The study group that receives a placebo

Back 81

Control group

Front 82

Allows neither the participants or the researchers to know who belongs to which study group

Back 82

Double-blind procedure

Front 83

The phenomenon of an inert substance resulting in a patient's medical improvement

Back 83

Placebo effect

Front 84

The manipulated factor in an experiment

Back 84

Independent variable (IV)

Front 85

The measured or resultant factor in an experiment

Back 85

Dependent variable (DV)

Front 86

Shared ideas and behaviors passed to future generations

Back 86

Culture

Front 87

A measure of central tendency, it is the most frequently occurring data

Back 87

Mode

Front 88

A measure of central tendency, it is the average of all data

Back 88

Mean

Front 89

A measure of central tendency, it is the midpoint, or 50th percentile

Back 89

Median

Front 90

A measure of variation, it is the distance from the lowest to the highest

Back 90

Range

Front 91

A measure of variation, it is a measure of the distance from the mean value

Back 91

Standard deviation

Front 92

A measure of variation, it is a bell-shaped curve showing the standard deviation

Back 92

Normal curve

Front 93

A number between -1 and +1 showing the strength and direction of a relationship

Back 93

Correlation coefficient

Front 94

Phrase meaning that extraordinary events tend to be followed by more ordinary ones

Back 94

Regression toward the mean

Front 95

Study of different groups at the same time

Back 95

Cross-sectional study

Front 96

Study of the same group at different times

Back 96

Longitudinal study

Front 97

An observed difference that is probably not due to chance variation between samples

Back 97

Statistical significance

Front 98

Receiving end of the neuron

Back 98

Dendrites

Front 99

Cell's life-support center

Back 99

Cell body

Front 100

Covers the axon of some neurons and speeds neural impulses

Back 100

Myelin sheath

Front 101

Re-absorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules

Back 101

reuptake

Front 102

Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory

Back 102

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Alzheimer's disease: ACh-producing neurons deteriorate

Front 103

Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Back 103

Dopamine

Excess dopamine: Schizophrenia
Starved of dopamine: Parkinson's

Front 104

Neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Back 104

Serotonin

Undersupply linked to depression. Prozac raises serotonin levels

Front 105

Neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal

Back 105

Norepinephrive

Undersupply can depress mood

Front 106

Neurotransmitter that lessens pain and boosts mood

Back 106

Endorphins

Front 107

Drug that affects synaptic communication by excitation

Back 107

Agonist

Front 108

Two ways that agonists excite

Back 108

1. Mimicking neurotransmitter

2. Blocking reuptake

Front 109

Drug that affects synaptic communication by inhibiting

Back 109

Antagonist

Front 110

Two ways that antagonists inhibit

Back 110

1. Blocking neurotransmitter on receiving neuron

2. Inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters

Front 111

Gland affecting metabolism

Back 111

Thyroid

Front 112

Brain region linked to memory

Back 112

Hippocampus

Front 113

Father of psychology
1st psych lab & experiment in 1879
University of Leipzig
Seeking to measure “atoms of mind”

Back 113

Wundt

Front 114

Psychologist that explores the link between the brain and the mind

Back 114

Biological

Front 115

Psychologist that studies changing abilities from the womb to the tomb

Back 115

Developmental

Front 116

Psychologist that studies how we perceive, think, and solve problems

Back 116

Cognitive

Front 117

Psychologist that investigates our persistent traits

Back 117

Personality

Front 118

Psychologist that explores how we view and affect one another

Back 118

Social

Front 119

Psychologist that studies and helps individuals in school

Back 119

Educational

Front 120

Psychologist that studies and advises on behavior in the workplace

Back 120

Industrial / Organizational

Front 121

Does correlation equal causation?

Back 121

NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Front 122

Weakness of descriptive research

Back 122

No control of variables; single cases may be misleading

Front 123

Weakness of correlational research

Back 123

Does not specify cause and effect

Front 124

Weakness of experimental research

Back 124

Sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables.

Front 125

APA's ethical guidelines for people

Back 125

Informed consent
Freedom to withdraw
Confidentiality
Protection from harm
Debrief