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182 Cards in this Set
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developmental psychology
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the study of continuity and change across the life span
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prenatal stage
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from conception to birth
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zygote
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a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
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germinal stage
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the two-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception
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**fetal programming
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what happens in the womb affects later health
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embryonic stage
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the period of prenatal development that lasts from week 2 until about week 8
organogenesis |
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fetal stage
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the period of prenatal development that lasts from the 9th week until birth
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myelination
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the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell
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placenta
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links the mother's bloodstream to the developing embryo or fetus
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teratogens
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agents that damage the process of development such as drugs and viruses
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
-small eyes, no dimple above lip, thin upper lip, concave nose -mental retardation, poor maxillary development |
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infancy
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the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18-24 mos.
-habituation occurs |
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motor development:
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the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
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reflexes
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specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
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cephalocaudal rule
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the top-to-bottom rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to the feet
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proximodistal rule
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inside-to-outside rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
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During the embryonic stage, which of the following occurs?
a) an insulating layer of fat develops below the skin b) the digestive and respiratory systems mature c) the embryo grows to the length of six inches d) the heart begins to beat |
d) the heart begins to beat
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Which is true of vulnerability to teratogens?
a) vulnerability is greatest early in pregnancy b) vulnerability is greatest in the late stages of pregnancy c) the central nervous systems is most vulnerable late in pregnancy d) small amounts of alcohol and tobacco will not harm the fetus |
a) vulnerability is greatest early in the pregnancy
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What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
preoperational (2-6 years) concrete operation (6-11 years) formal operational (11 years and up) |
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sensorimotor stage
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birth - 2 years
infant experiences world through movement and senses, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permanence |
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preoperational stage
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2 - 6 years
child acquires motor skills but does not understand conversation of physical properties. child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds |
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concrete operational stage
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6 - 11 years
child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties |
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formal operational
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11 years and up
child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals |
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cognitive development
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the emergence of the ability to understand the world
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childhood:
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the stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence
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schema
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child's understanding of how the world works
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egocentrism
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can't see from someone else's viewpoint (physical or emotional)
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theory of mind
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realize that other people have minds
it takes longer to see other people's emotions |
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assimilation
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the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
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accommodation
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the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
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object permanence
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the idea that objects continue to exist even when not visible
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conservation
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the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance
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T/F does culture influence cognitive development?
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True - a strong influence
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zone of proximal development
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when a child is capable of acquiring a range of skills
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Joint attention
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at age 9-15 mos. of age, babies can direct their attention to a point in space to which another's eyes are directed
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attachment
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the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
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internal working model of attachment
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a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure
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temperaments
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characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
autistic children don't like novelty or closeness |
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What are the four types of attachment?
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secure- 50%, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
shows how they will be attached to others as adults |
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What are Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral thinking?
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preconventional stage, conventional, postconventional
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preconventional stage
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a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
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conventional stage
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a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
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postconventional stage
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a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
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moral intuitionist perspective
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we have evolved to react emotionally to a small family of events that are relevant to reproduction and survival
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adolescence
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the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11-14 years) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (~18-21 years)
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puberty
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the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
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What are piaget's three stages of moral development?
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from realism to relativism
from prescriptions to principles from outcomes to intentions |
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For Lawrence Kohlberg, the sequence of moral development unfolds in the following order: emphasis on _______, then emphasis on _________, and finally, emphasis on ______.
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consequences, social roles, ethical principles
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primary sex characteristics
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bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction
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secondary sex characteristics
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bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction
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Is adolescence becoming longer or shorter?
Is puberty starting earlier? |
longer
earlier |
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Why is puberty starting earlier
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better nutrition increased body fat
increased puberty onset pollutants mimic estrogen |
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avoidant attachment
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not distressed when caregiver leaves, and ignores caregiver when they return
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ambivalent attachment
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distressed when caregiver leaves, but is still distressed when caregiver returns
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disorganized attachment
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no pattern to reaction to caregiver
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secure attachment
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distressed when caregiver leaves and is happy when caregiver returns
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What are Erikson's 8 Stages of Human Development?
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Oral-Sensory
Muscular-anal locomotor latency adolescence young adulthood middle adulthood maturity |
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Oral-sensory stage
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birth to 12-18 months
trust vs. mistrust |
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muscular-anal
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18 months- 3 years
autonomy vs. shame/doubt |
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locomotor stage
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3 - 6 years
initiative vs. guilt |
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latency stage
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6 - 12 years
industry vs. inferiority |
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adolescence stage
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12-18 years
identity vs. role confusion |
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young adulthood stage
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19 to 40 years
intimacy vs. isolation |
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middle adulthood
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40 to 65 years
generativity vs. stagnation |
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maturity stage
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65 to death
ego integrity vs. despair |
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Reaching puberty earlier than one's peers...
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can lead to negative consequences, such as distress and delinquency, in girls.
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adulthood
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the stage of development that begins around 18-21 years and ends at death
marked changes in physical and cognitive abilities older adults compensate for age-related declines in memory and attention by calling on other neural structures to help out |
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socioemotional selectivity theory
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younger adults rely on useful information while older adults rely on positive information
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Why are older people generally happier than younger people?
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as adults age, positive affect remains relatively stable while negative affect decreases
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Do married people live longer?
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Yes
widowed men live as short of lives as never-married and divorced widowed women live as long as married women, divorced and never-married women live shorter lives |
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Does marital satisfaction fluctuate?
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Yes, with different life events
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personality
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an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling
explanation based on prior events that shape a person's personality |
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self-report
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a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state
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Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
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a well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
validity scales- assess a person's attitudes toward test taking and any tendency to try to distort the results by faking answers |
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projective techniques
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a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality
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Rorschach Inkblot test
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a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people
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trait
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a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
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Big Five
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the traits of the five-factor model: conscietniousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extroversion (OCEAN)
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One of the first theorists to propose that personality consisted of a combination of traits and that these traits were preexisting dispositions of the individual was
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Allport
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The idea that individual differences in levels of cortical arousal may underlie differences between extroverts and introverts was proposed by
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Eysenck
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What is the average genetic component of personality?
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between .4-.6 (heritability)
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Is there different levels of cortical arousal between introverts and extroverts?
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yes
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psychodynamic approach
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an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness motives that can also produce emotional disorders
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id
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the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives
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ego
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the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands
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superego
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the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, sublimation |
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rationalization
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a defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings
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reaction formation
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a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite
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projection
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a defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group
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regression
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a defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development
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displacement
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a defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative
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identification
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a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope
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sublimation
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a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
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psychosexual stages
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distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and care givers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
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What are the five psychosexual stages?
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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fixation
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a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage
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oral stage
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the first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed
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anal stage
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the second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training
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personality disorder characterized by submissive and clinging behavior. They have an excessive need to be taken care of and low self confidence.
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dependent
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Oedipus conflict
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a developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
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latency stage
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the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
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genital stage
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the final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
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humanistic psychology
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emphasizes a positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people's inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth
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existentialist psychology
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a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
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self-actualizing tendency
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the human motive toward realizing our inner potential
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The view that personality is governed by an inherent striving toward self-actualization and the development of our unique potentials was proposed by:
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Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs and self-actualization |
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According to Rollo May and Victor Frankl, a major aspect of personality development involves
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questioning the meaning of life
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social cognitive approach
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an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
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person-situation controversy
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the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
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personal constructs
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dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
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outcome expectancies
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a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior
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locus of control
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a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
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The psychologist who noted that personality traits often do a poor job of predicting an individual's behavior was
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Walter Mischel
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self-concept
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a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics
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self-esteem
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the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
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self-verification
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the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
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self-serving bias
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people's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures
like bad grades are a teacher's fault |
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narcissism
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a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others
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What are the theories that attempt to explain the benefits of high self-esteem?
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high status, being accepted by others, a defense against the awareness of death
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William Swann developed the concept known as
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self-verification
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psychological disorders
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disorders reflecting abnormalities of the mind
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medical model
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the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as disease that like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures
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DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fourth Edition, Text Revision])
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A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
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What are the five axes of psychological disorders?
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Axis I: Clinical Disorders (all mental disorders except Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation)
Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General Medical Conditions (must be connected to a Mental Disorder) Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (for example limited social support network) Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (Psychological, social and job-related functions are evaluated on a continuum between mental health and extreme mental disorder) |
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comorbidity
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the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
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What are the 17 DSM-IV-TR disorders
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1. disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or early adolescence
2. delirium, dementia, amnestic, and other cognitive disorders 3. mental disorders due to a general medical condition not elsewhere classified 4. substance-related disorders 5. schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders 6. mood disorders 7. anxiety disorders 8. somatoform disorders 9. factitious disorders 10. dissociative disorder 11. sexual and gender identity disorders 12. eating disorders 13. sleep disorders 14. impulse control disorder not elsewhere classified 15. adjustment disorders 16. personality disorders 17. other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention |
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diathesis-stress model
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a model suggesting that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
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the view that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by external causes is called
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the diathesis-stress model
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the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem is called
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the intervention causation fallacy
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anxiety disorder
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the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance
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intervention-causation fallacy
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the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem
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phobic disorders
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disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
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specific phobia
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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function
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social phobia
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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
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preparedness theory
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the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
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panic disorder
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a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
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agoraphobia
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an extreme fear of venturing into public places
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning
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post-traumatic stress syndrome
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can be triggered by things that remind you of a trigger
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Katie experiences intense anxiety and distress whenever she has to interact with unfamiliar people. She is probably suffering from
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social phobia
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Theory in which people develop phobias of certain objects, such as spiders and snakes, much more easily than objects such as flowers or stuffed animals
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preparedness
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Agoraphobia often develops in a person who suffers from
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panic disorder
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symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder can be relieved by medications that increase the activity of the neurotransmitter
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serotonin
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dissociative disorder
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a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior
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dissociative fugue
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the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
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dissociative amnesia
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the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
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andodonia
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can't feel pleasure
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Pat was involved in a severe auto accident and is unable to recall the event. Pat is displaying
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dissociative amnesia
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Alex woke up one morning in a motel. He could not recall his name or anything about his past life. Alex was showing the symptoms of
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dissociative fugue
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Most patients with the disorder report a history of severe childhood abuse and trauma
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dissociative identity disorder
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mood disorders
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mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
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major depressive disorder
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a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
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dysthymia
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a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
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double depression
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a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
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helplessness theory:
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individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global
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causes of depression
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stress, learned helplessness, elevated cortisal levels
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bipolar disorder
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an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
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Major depression is characterized by ___________, whereas bipolar disorder is characterized by __________
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depression only; alternating periods of mania and depression
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the condition in which the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but are less severe and last longer is called
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dysthymia
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T/F women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression
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true
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T/F Close relatives of individuals with mood disorders have a heightened risk for developing mood disorders themselves, indicating that heredity plays a role
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true
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schizophrenia
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a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex |
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How many people worldwide have schizophrenia?
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about 1% worldwide
higher risk in Croatia lower risk in Canada |
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schizotypal
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2-3% of the world
less dangerous, odd personality |
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delusion
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a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
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hallucination
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a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
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disorganized speech
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a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
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grossly disorganized behavior
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behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
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catatonic behavior
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a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
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negative symptoms
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emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation and emotion
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What people have the highest risk for schizophrenia
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offspring of two parents with schizophrenia
monozygotic twins |
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dopamine hypothesis
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the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
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schizophrenia affects about __% of the population, and it accounts for nearly __% of admissions to state and county mental hospitals
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1; 40
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Amy believes that God is punishing her, and she sees evidence of this punishment in everyday events such as the way objects are positioned in the sink and the programs that are playing on TV. Amy would most likely be diagnosed with ___________ schizophrenia
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paranoid
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Keith believes that he is Richard the Lionheart, who has been given the mission to lead a crusade against the heathens. Keith is showing
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delusions
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personality disorder
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disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
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antisocial personality disorder (APD)
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a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
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