Psych

Front 1

Visual Capture

Back 1

The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

Front 2

Depth Perception

Back 2

The ability to see objects in three dimnensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.

Front 3

Convergences

Back 3

A binocular cue for pervceiving depth: The extent to which the eyes converge inward then looking at an object.

Front 4

Cones

Back 4

Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in day;ight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Front 5

grouping

Back 5

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

Front 6

Parasychology

Back 6

The study of paranormal phenomena, inluding ESP and psychokinesis.

Front 7

farsightedness

Back 7

The condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of the near objects is focused behind the retina.

Front 8

Young-Helmholts (three-color) theorY

Back 8

tHE theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensative to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

Front 9

Phi phenomenom

Back 9

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

Front 10

Perceptual set

Back 10

A mental presdisoposition to perceive one thing and not another.

Front 11

Feature detectors

Back 11

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement.

Front 12

Subliminal

Back 12

Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Front 13

Optic Nerve

Back 13

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Front 14

Sensation

Back 14

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Front 15

Top-dowm processing

Back 15

Information processing guiding by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perception drawing on our experience and expectations.

Front 16

Perception

Back 16

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, anabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Front 17

Bottom-Up Processing

Back 17

Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brains' intergration of sensory information.

Front 18

Psychophysics

Back 18

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimul, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

Front 19

Absolute threshhold

Back 19

The minimum stimuli needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

Front 20

PErceptual Constancy

Back 20

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.

Front 21

Signal DEtect theory

Back 21

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes that there is no signal absolute threshold and that detection deoends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.

Front 22

Parallel processing

Back 22

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Front 23

BLind spot

Back 23

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Front 24

Fovea

Back 24

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.

Front 25

Gestalt

Back 25

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Front 26

Frequency

Back 26

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).

Front 27

Binocular cues

Back 27

Depth cues, such as retinal diparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Front 28

Diffrence Threshold

Back 28

The minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli. WE experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference.

Front 29

Transduction

Back 29

Conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses.

Front 30

Visual Cliff

Back 30

A labratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

Front 31

Wber's LAw

Back 31

The principle that, to preceive their, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %. (rather than constant amount)

Front 32

Sensory Adaptation

Back 32

Diminished sensativity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

Front 33

Wavelength

Back 33

The distinct form the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

Front 34

Monocular cues

Back 34

Distance cues, such as linear perpective and overlap, available to either eye alone.

Front 35

Sensory Interaction

Back 35

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it's taste.

Front 36

Hue

Back 36

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names Blus, green, and so forth.

Front 37

gate-control theory

Back 37

Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allowes them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Front 38

Opponent-Process Theory

Back 38

The theory that opposing retinal processes(red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

Front 39

Place Theory

Back 39

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea;s membrane is stimulated.

Front 40

Selective Attention

Back 40

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect.

Front 41

Cochlea

Back 41

The coiled bony, fluid-filled tibe in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Front 42

Ptich

Back 42

The tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

Front 43

Intensity

Back 43

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we preceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

Front 44

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

Back 44

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, claivoyance, and precognition.

Front 45

Rods

Back 45

REtinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.

Front 46

Pupil

Back 46

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Front 47

Middle Ear

Back 47

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiney bones(hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate that vibrations of the eardrum in the cochlea's oval window.

Front 48

Audition

Back 48

The sense of hearing.

Front 49

Sensorineural Hearing loss

Back 49

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called the nerve deafness.

Front 50

REtinal Disparity

Back 50

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: The greater the disparity between the two images the retina revieves of an object, the closer the object is to the viewer.

Front 51

Frequency Theory

Back 51

In hearing the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense it's pitch.

Front 52

Inner ear

Back 52

The innermost part of the ear, containing that cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

Front 53

Figure-Ground

Back 53

The organization of the visual field into objects (fiigure) that stand out from their surroundings.(ground)

Front 54

Retina

Back 54

The light-sensitive innre surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and the cones plus layers of the neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

Front 55

Color constancy

Back 55

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.

Front 56

Conduction hearing loss

Back 56

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

Front 57

Iris

Back 57

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and conrols the size of the pupil opening.

Front 58

Lens

Back 58

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina.

Front 59

Accommodation

Back 59

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus the image of near objects on the retina.

Front 60

Acuity

Back 60

the sharpness of vision.

Front 61

Nearsightedness

Back 61

The condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because that lens focuses the image of distant objects on front of the retina.