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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does adherence mean?
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It is the ability of a patient to maintain a health behavior prescribed by a physician. this might include taking medication as prescribed, exercising more, or eating less high-fat food.
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Behavioral Medicines is what?
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its a field similar to health psychology that integrates psychological factors (e.g. emotion, behavior, cognition, and social factors) in the treatment of disease. This applied field includes clinical areas of study like therapy, hypnosis, rehabilitation, and preventative medicine.
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Biofeedback is what?
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the process by which physiological signals, not normally available to human perception, are transformed into easy-to-understand graphs or numbers. individuals can then use this information to try to change bodily functioning (e.g. lower blood pressure, reduce muscle tension)
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Biomedical Model of Health is what?
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A reductionist model that posits that ill health is a result of a deviation from normal function, which is explained by the presence of pathogens, injury, or genetic abnormality.
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Biopsychosocial Model of Health is what?
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An approach to studying health and human function that posits the importance of biological, psychological, and social (or environmental) processes.
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what does Chronic disease mean?
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A health condition that persists over time, typically for periods longer than three months (e.g., HIV, asthma, diabetes).
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Control is what?
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Feeling like you have the power to change your environment or behavior if you need or want to.
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Daily hassles is ?
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Irritations in daily life that are not necessarily traumatic, but that cause difficulties and repeated stress.
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Emotion-focused coping is ?
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Coping strategy aimed at reducing the negative emotions associated with a stressful event.
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General Adaptation Syndrome is ?
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A three-phase model of stress, which includes a mobilization of physiological resources phase, a coping phase, and an exhaustion phase (i.e., when an organism fails to cope with the stress adequately and depletes its resources).
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Health is?
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According to the World Health Organization, it is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
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Health behavior is ?
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Any behavior that is related to health—either good or bad.
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Hostility is ?
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An experience or trait with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components. It often includes cynical thoughts, feelings of emotion, and aggressive behavior.
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Mind–body connection is ?
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The idea that our emotions and thoughts can affect how our body functions.
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Problem-focused coping is ?
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A set of coping strategies aimed at improving or changing stressful situations.
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Psychoneuroimmunology is ?
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A field of study examining the relationship among psychology, brain function, and immune function.
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Psychosomatic medicine is ?
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An interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on how biological, psychological, and social processes contribute to physiological changes in the body and health over time.
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Resilience is ?
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The ability to “bounce back” from negative situations (e.g., illness, stress) to normal functioning or to simply not show poor outcomes in the face of adversity. In some cases, resilience may lead to better functioning following the negative experience (e.g., post-traumatic growth).
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Self-efficacy is ?
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The belief that one can perform adequately in a specific situation.
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Social integration is ?
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The size of your social network, or number of social roles (e.g., son, sister, student, employee, team member).
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Social support is ?
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The perception or actuality that we have a social network that can help us in times of need and provide us with a variety of useful resources (e.g., advice, love, money).
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Stress is ?
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A pattern of physical and psychological responses in an organism after it perceives a threatening event that disturbs its homeostasis and taxes its abilities to cope with the event.
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Stressor is ?
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An event or stimulus that induces feelings of stress.
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Type A Behavior is ?
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Type A behavior is characterized by impatience, competitiveness, neuroticism, hostility, and anger.
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Type B Behavior is ?
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Type B behavior reflects the absence of Type A characteristics and is represented by less competitive, aggressive, and hostile behavior patterns.
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Marcus has suffered from Crohn’s disease since he was only ten years old. Given that this affliction has persisted through his adulthood, this illness would be considered a(n) ______Blank disease.
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chronic disease.
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Health psychologists generally define health according to the ______Blank model, an integrative orientation that views one’s overall health as a very complex recipe with many different ingredients.
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biopsychosocial model,
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Which model of health gives primary consideration to the role of physical factors in the development of illness while not giving equal attention to psychological contributors?
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The Biomedical Model
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Which of the following is an interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on how biological, psychological, and social processes contribute to physiological changes in the body and health over time?
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Psychosomatic medicine
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Evelyn wants to study how academic stress compromises the body’s ability to fight viruses in students. To which field is Evelyn’s research contributing?
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psychoneuroimmunology
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This morning, Victor noted that his favorite work shirt had a stain on it. Then he burned his toast. On the way to work, he got stuck in bad traffic. All of these daily ______Blank can cause low levels of stress.
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hassles
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Which researcher, who is credited with developing the General Adaptation Syndrome model, was the first to use the term "stress" in a psychological manner?
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Hans Selye
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The second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress response involves:
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coping with the stress that is being experienced.
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Although Maria received a failing grade on her first exam she decided to see her professor for study advice and ask her friends to form a study group. Her ability to bounce back from a challenge is called
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resilience.
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Corine’s team is at risk of missing the deadline on a major advertising account, so she sends them all an email asking them to come to work on Saturday. All but one person is able to come in and they finish the job. This is an example of ______ coping.
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problem-focused
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If you can’t change the circumstance, change how you feel about the circumstance.” This short saying is a summary of the process of ______ coping.
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emotion-focused
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What is one way that you can enhance the quality of life of older adults who reside in an assisted living facility?
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Give them control over as many decisions that impact them as possible.
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Self-______Blank is the belief that one can perform adequately in a given situation or circumstance.
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efficacy
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Mahesh is a supervisor, father, husband, brother, best friend, and president of his local community watch group. He would be rated as rather high in
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social integration.
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Which facet of a Type A behavior style is most closely associated with heart disease?
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hostility
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Wanda is connected to machines that will show her heart rate and blood pressure. She will then learn to control these functions that are ordinarily involuntary. What is this process called?
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biofeedback
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Health behaviors turn into ______Blank when they become firmly established and performed automatically. An example of this would be putting on your seatbelt in a car without even thinking about it.
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health habits
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Why is it inadvisable to search for medical advice and recommendations in unmoderated internet forums?
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Anyone can post an opinion, even those with no expertise or medical training.
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The tendency to do as your physician suggests with regard to health-related behaviors, such as taking medications or stopping the use of alcohol or tobacco, is called
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adherence
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Shari is a practitioner of ______Blank . Her job involves integrating information from many applied areas of study, including occupational therapy, hypnosis, rehabilitation, and preventative medicine.
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behavioral medicine
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Adaptation is ?
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The fact that after people first react to good or bad events, sometimes in a strong way, their feelings and reactions tend to dampen down over time and they return toward their original level of subjective well-being.
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Bottom-up” or external causes of happiness is ?
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Situational factors outside the person that influence his or her subjective well-being, such as good and bad events and circumstances such as health and wealth.
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Happiness is ?
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The popular word for subjective well-being. Scientists sometimes avoid using this term because it can refer to different things, such as feeling good, being satisfied, or even the causes of high subjective well-being.
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Life satisfaction is ?
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A person reflects on their life and judges to what degree it is going well, by whatever standards that person thinks are most important for a good life.
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Negative feelings is ?
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Undesirable and unpleasant feelings that people tend to avoid if they can. Moods and emotions such as depression, anger, and worry are examples.
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Positive feelings is ?
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Desirable and pleasant feelings. Moods and emotions such as enjoyment and love are examples.
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Subjective well-being is ? |
The name that scientists give to happiness—thinking and feeling that our lives are going very well.
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Subjective well-being scales is ?
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Self-report surveys or questionnaires in which participants indicate their levels of subjective well-being, by responding to items with a number that indicates how well off they feel.
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“Top-down” or internal causes of happiness is ?
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The person’s outlook and habitual response tendencies that influence their happiness—for example, their temperament or optimistic outlook on life
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______Blank is the scientific term for happiness and life satisfaction – thinking and feeling that your life is going well, not badly.
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Subjective well-being
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______Blank is often the most important goal for many people, but it can be difficult to describe or define and even harder to achieve.
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Happiness
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Why do psychologists sometimes avoid using the term "happiness"?
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Because it refers to different things to different people.
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Shavonne is a very optimistic person. She tends to see the good in situations, and others say she is "perpetually pleasant." This is an example of a ______Blank happiness process.
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top-down
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When Maurice’s boss gives him a compliment, or his girlfriend surprises him with a special dinner, he becomes elated. These small moments add up to his overall happiness and are examples of ______Blank happiness processes.
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bottom-up
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When Melvin calls his older brother and asks him how things are going, the response he often gets is, “Things are pretty good in my world!” This answer most relates to which type of happiness?
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Life satisfaction
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Which of the BIG 5 personality dimensions is most associated with being a cause of positive feelings?
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A high level of extraversion
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Which of the following is the best descriptor of happiness?
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Happiness is directly beneficial to health, relationships and other areas of life.
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Have you ever heard of a person who looks at the world through “rose colored glasses,” choosing to find beauty and positivity? Maybe instead you know a person who always seems to find things to complain about and seems chronically unhappy. These two people have very different ______Blank , and this is an important internal cause of subjective well-being.
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outlooks
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Happy individuals tend to bounce back more quickly after losses and negative events.” This is a description of:
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resilience
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When his father died, Brandon was comforted by the fact that friends, colleagues, and other family members came to offer condolences, give support, and help out around the house so that he could take time to grieve. This helped maintain his sense of subjective well-being during a difficult time. This is an example of ______Blank , a bottom-up influence.
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having sufficient social resources
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Having enough money to meet one’s basic needs and fulfill major goals is a description of having ______Blank , which is an important bottom-up influence of subjective well-being.
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sufficient material resources
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Sufficient material and social resources, as well as living in a desirable society, are three external (or ______Blank ) influences of subjective well-being.
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bottom-up
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Which continent appears to have—on average—high levels of life satisfaction, despite not having high levels of money?
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South America
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______Blank refers to the tendency for immediate emotional reactions to a given event to dampen down over time. This is ordinarily followed by a return to one’s usual level of subjective well-being.
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Adaptation
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Which is the most accurate statement regarding the relationship between having money and experiencing happiness?
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Money is an important determinant of happiness, but the more you have, the less difference it makes.
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How are peoples’ abilities to adapt to life circumstances summarized in the module?
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Bad events seem to take longer to adapt to than good events.
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Which of the following is NOT an outcome associated with higher levels of overall happiness?
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being more interested in travel
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Ronald is a retired accountant. He now enjoys donating time and money in his community. This is an example of which positive outcome of happiness?
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citizenship
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Attitude is ?
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A way of thinking or feeling about a target that is often reflected in a person’s behavior. Examples of attitude targets are individuals, concepts, and groups.
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Attraction is ?
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The psychological process of being sexually interested in another person. This can include, for example, physical attraction, first impressions, and dating rituals.
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Blind to the research hypothesis is?
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When participants in research are not aware of what is being studied.
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Conformity is ?
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Changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.
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Culture of honor is ?
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A culture in which personal or family reputation is especially important.
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Discrimination is?
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Discrimination is behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership.
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Fundamental attribution error is?
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The tendency to emphasize another person’s personality traits when describing that person’s motives and behaviors and overlooking the influence of situational factors.
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Hypothesis is?
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A possible explanation that can be tested through research.
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Levels of analysis is?
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Complementary views for analyzing and understanding a phenomenon.
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Need to belong is?
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A strong natural impulse in humans to form social connections and to be accepted by others.
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Obedience is?
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Responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority.
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Observational learning is?
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Learning by observing the behavior of others.
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Prejudice is?
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An evaluation or emotion toward people based merely on their group membership.
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Reciprocity
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The act of exchanging goods or services. By giving a person a gift, the principle of reciprocity can be used to influence others; they then feel obligated to give back.
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Research confederate is?
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A person working with a researcher, posing as a research participant or as a bystander.
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Research participant is?
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A person being studied as part of a research program.
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Social attribution is ?
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The way a person explains the motives or behaviors of others.
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Social cognition is?
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The way people process and apply information about others.
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Social influence is?
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When one person causes a change in attitude or behavior in another person, whether intentionally or unintentionally.
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Social psychology is?
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The branch of psychological science that is mainly concerned with understanding how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Stereotyping is?
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A mental process of using information shortcuts about a group to effectively navigate social situations or make decisions.
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Stigmatized group is ?
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A group that suffers from social disapproval based on some characteristic that sets them apart from the majority.
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At what level of analysis do most social psychologists work?
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relationships/groups/culture
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What type of psychologist studies how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
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social
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Humans have a strong, innate desire to form connections with other people. This is known as the ?
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need to belong.
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Very happy people usually have more ______Blank than people with little happiness.
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relationships
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Dr. Rodriguez studies testosterone levels in aggressive people. At what level of analysis does Dr. Rodriguez conduct research?
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physiology
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Kendra, a social psychologist, wants to study the arguments that romantic couples have. What research method will she most likely employ?
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naturalistic observation
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One cross-culturally attractive quality of an unknown person is ______
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smooth skin
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Humans have a strong, innate desire to form connections with other people. This is known as the ______Blank .
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need to belong
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By what trait do we judge our friends’ attractiveness?
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personality
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Conformity is ?
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Changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.
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Descriptive norm is ?
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The perception of what most people do in a given situation.
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Informational influence is ?
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Conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act.
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Normative influence is ?
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Conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us.
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Obedience is ?
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Responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority.
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______Blank is the tendency to change one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.
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Conformity
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When the kids at school begin rolling up the cuffs on their blue jeans, Greg starts to do the same even though he thinks it looks stupid. This is an example of:
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Conformity
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From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following may contribute to a person’s tendency to conform to the behaviors and attitudes of others?
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a natural tendency to mimic other’s actions that increases connections between people
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“I do what other kids in my class do, even when I don’t want to do it, because I want other people to like me!” This statement summarizes the concept of ______Blank influence
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Normative
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______Blank refers to conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us.
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Normative influence
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In his classic research study examining normative influence and conformity, what did Solomon Asch ask his participants to do?
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judge the length of lines
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Automatic bias is ?
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Automatic biases are unintended, immediate, and irresistible.
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Aversive racism is ?
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Aversive racism is unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact.
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Blatant biases is ?
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Blatant biases are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group.
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Discrimination is ?
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Discrimination is behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership.
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Implicit Association Test is ?
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Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures relatively automatic biases that favor own group relative to other groups
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Prejudice is ?
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Prejudice is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.
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Right-wing authoritarianism is ?
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Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity.
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Self-categorization theory is ?
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Self-categorization theory develops social identity theory’s point that people categorize themselves, along with each other into groups, favoring their own group.
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Social dominance orientation is ?
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Social dominance orientation (SDO) describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability.
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Social identity theory is ?
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Social identity theory notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group.
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Stereotype Content Model is ?
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Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence.
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Stereotypes is ?
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Stereotype is a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership.
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Subtle biases is ?
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Subtle biases are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences.
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______Blank is a term for an emotional bias that involves an evaluation of people based merely on their membership in a given group.
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Prejudice
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Lars grew up in Copenhagen and has heard negative messages about immigrants. He has never had a negative interaction with an immigrant but has decided that he doesn’t like them. This is an example of a(n) ______Blank .
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prejudice
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All Jewish people are good with money.” This statement is an example of a(n) ______Blank
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Stereotype
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Bertram is a taxi driver in New York. He feels that businessmen are the biggest tippers. As a result, he does not stop to pick up casually dressed people. Bertram’s behaviors demonstrate ______Blank .
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Discrimination
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Behavior that provides a specific advantage or disadvantage to a person based solely on that individual’s membership in a particular group is called ______Blank .
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Discrimination
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Functional distance is ?
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The frequency with which we cross paths with others.
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Mere-exposure effect is ?
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The notion that people like people/places/things merely because they are familiar with them.
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Perceived social support is ?
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A person’s perception that others are there to help them in times of need.
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Proximity is ?
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Physical nearness.
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Received social support is ?
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The actual act of receiving support (e.g., informational, functional).
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Support support network is ?
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The people who care about and support a person.
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According to Durkheim, a person with no close relationships would face what risk?
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suicidal feelings
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If you've just recently moved to a new city and know few people, who are you likely to become friends with?
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people who live near you
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functional distance is ?
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The frequency with which people cross paths with others
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One of the most basic principles of attraction is that people prefer ______Blank stimuli.
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Familiar
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In Moreland and Beach’s (1992) study of mere exposure, people liked the woman who ______Blank .
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Attended the most classes
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What finding from research on couple relationships supports the matching hypothesis?
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People tend to marry others who are similar in age, education, and social class.
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Why are people more likely to like people who like them back?
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Because people tend to seek reciprocity in friendships
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Close friends help protect our ______Blank during stressful times.
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mental and physical health
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Researchers found that in workplaces where friendships between employees could be developed and maintained people ______Blank .
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were less likely to leave their jobs
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How do people with close friends at work compare to those who do not in terms of job satisfaction?
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they report being much more satisfied
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Who may benefit the most from Internet friendships?
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those who lack-to-face social skills
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What does research show about the quality of online friendships in comparison to face-to-face?
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They can be equally or more itimate
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What are the three components of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love?
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intimacy, passion, and commitment
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intimacy is ?
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caring, closeness, and emotional support
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How does Companionate Love differ from Consummate Love?
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it does not include passion
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Research on sexual desire’s impact on the brain finds that sexual desire ______Blank .
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activates the part of the brain that responds to food and drugs.
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How does the effectiveness of online dating compare to face-to-face?
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it's still not clear
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Experiencing high levels of ______Blank is consistently associated with increased happiness and well-being.
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perceived social support
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What is the maximum number of people we can really know?
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around 150
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Which type of social networks are most beneficial to people’s health and well-being?
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large and diverse social networks
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