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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Psychology
opened first psychology lab
1st person to identify himself as a psychologist
founded the school of thought: Structuralism
Psychology's date of birth
1879
4 goals of psychology
1. Describe behavior and cognition
2.Explain why behavior occurs
3.Predict future behavior
4. control behavior and cognition
Structuralism
examining the structure of the conscious experience.
method; introspection; simulating an experience, describing the experience. coming to conclusions based on subjects decription. VERY subjective, a very short lived school of thought.
Stimulis Error
Anything description that describes physical properties when using structuralism
William James
Founder of Psychology in America
first president and founder of APA
founder of functionalism
developed the idea of practical psychology: applying discoveries in psych to help the real world
Functionalism
examines the Function of Consciousness
believes that people behave a certain way that is somehow advantageous to natural selection.
Behaviorism
founded by JB hudson. Believed that observing cognitive events was not scientific. believed the outside environment had a greater affect on an individual. Behaviorists control environments and examine people's behavior based on that
B.F Skinner
Used reinforcement method to train animals. because animals acted so strongly to changes in their outside environment, he determined that people did not have the ability of free will, but rather that their outside environments controlled their thoughts and decisions
Gestalt
opposite of Structuralism: believed that the overall cognitive experience was more important that examining individual aspects of the experience
cognitive psychological perspective
1950s
emphasized cognitive processes on behavior
how/why people make decisions/percieve things
psychodynamic psychological perspective
focuses on childhood and how it affects the unconscious
Humanistic psychological perspective
believe humans are unique, no animal research
Evolutionary psychological perspective
believe our behavior and cognitions are the way they are because they are adapted for survival
positive psychology
believe that there is too much focus on the negative side of psychology and not the positive
tenacity
the idea of accepting a belief because of superstition, culture, rumor
Authority
accept an idea as fact because someone in a position of authority told it to you
reason and logic
drawing knowledge/logic from previous premise/ experience
scientific method
method used in scientific observation, replicable
falsifiable
proving something to be false
replicable
able to be repeated
empirical
observable
self critical
always critique your own study, look for mistakes and other causes
hypothesis
the proposed relationship between two or more variables
variable
any term that can vary or change within the experiement
correlational/descriptive research
gathers data without manipulating environment/control
naturalistic observation
self report
interview
naturalistic observation
study behavior w/o interaction. see actual behavior of public life. No control
self report
have individuals report behaviors/attitude
questionnairre- written survey, ability to choose sensitive topics, many can participate
interview- verbal response, able to explain quesitons, lots of time, potential for participants to be less honest
case study
intsensive/in-depth interview with small group of people. focus onthe abnormal
trace methods
artifacts left behind be people that can be studied
Trace methods- accretion
things added to the environment examples: cigarette butts, graffitti, etc.
cons- unobtrusive BUT there is no way to tell who is behind the behavior. there are also issues with consent/ ethics
Trace methods- erosion
wearing away/depletion of the environment
example studies: figuring out which museum exhibit is most popular by examining wear and tear on tiles
things added to the environment examples: cigarette butts, graffitti, etc.
cons- unobtrusive BUT there is no way to tell who is behind the behavior. there are also issues with consent/ ethics
ind. variable
the variable the researcher has control over
dependent variable
the variable that is measured in the research
confounding variables
unintended variables that interfere with control
demand characteristics
a feature of study that might inform subjects on topic of research
participant expectancy: definition plus two types
what participants expect to happen
placebo effect- participants see improvement because they expect to feel better
hawthorne effect- how the expectation of a change in environment changes behavior
experimenter expectancy: definition plus 1 type
interpretation of behavior of subjects changes based on expectation
clever hans- horse, experimenter communicates expectancy on patient
double blind experiment
both the experimenter and the patient are unaware of what group they are testing
sampling bias
results of study are not representative of population
drawbacks of experiment style research
too artificial, too high patient/experimenter expectancy, ethics
operational definition
very specific statement of how something will be analyzed.
example: aggression in this study is defined as hitting and kicking
informed consent
written or spoken consent to participate in an experiment by patient.
experimenter must give enough information for the participant to make an educated choice upon whether to participate
right to withdraw
at any time, an experimenter can withdraw
voluntary participation
participation in study must be completely voluntary
minimize harm and discomfort
expirementer must provide subjects with info about risks, and prevent them from harm
insure confidentiality
if study requires providing sensitive or harmful information to be given by subject, confidentiality must be insured
deception only if justifiable
if the study requires deception in order to examine behavior, the subjects must be debriefed and be made aware of deception post experiment
animal research
used to study important diseases: alchoholism, diabetes, alzheimers research
looser ethical standards
frequency distribution
showing what results fell into each category, summarizes information gathered from study
bar graph
graph that categorizes results into distinctive bars
histogram
continous/flush bar scale
frequency polygon
line graph
points with lines that connect
central tendency
typical/average score determined by mean median mode
mean
average score
pro- takes into account every score
con- outliers will skew the mean
median
n+1/2
the middle score, not subject to outliers
mode
the most frequently ocurring score
measures of variability
range
range- highscore-lowscore=x
standard deviation
the average deviation from the mean
or how far away something is from the mean
the smaller the standard deviation- the less variability and the more correlation
the bigger standard deviation= more variability and less correlation
scatter plot
the more scatter on the graph, the less of a relationship between the variables
correlation coefficient
a statistic that measures degree of relationship between variables in a direction
positive relationship
as x increases y increases
negative relationship
as x increases y decreases
magnitude/strength
the closer R is to +1, the stronger the coorelation
what happens to secreted neurotransmitters?
3 options:
1. reabsorbed into axon terminal
2. inactivation-they are destroyed
3. rebind a second time
how are neurotransmitter levels determined
genetics
neurotoxins
nicotine
caffeine
disease
diet=depletion
aging=depletion
stress=depletion
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (G.A.B.A)
primary inhibitory neurotransmitter