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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Case studies |
not constrained in rules method you use when don't know what questions to ask |
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correlational method |
looking for realtionships method used when researcher cannot manipulate |
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correlation doesn't imply |
causation |
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true laboratory experiment |
manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions |
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operational definitions |
used to clarify what is meant by each variable |
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strengths of true lab experiement |
conclusions about cause and effect can be drawn |
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weakness of true lab experiemtn |
artificial nature of experiments and ethical and practical issues |
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Cells of the nervous system |
glia-support staff neurons- where the action is |
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dendrites |
branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors receives messages and info |
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axon |
when dendrites pick up signals, if its excitatory, it will travel down axon |
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presynaptic vesicles |
"holding something" has neurotransmitters |
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a cell is |
electrically charged |
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at rest, the membrane maintains a |
polarization (-70) |
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resting potential |
state of neuron prior to the sending of a nerve impulse |
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negative proteins make inside of the cell |
negatively charged |
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membrane is selectively |
permeable allowing some chemicals to pass more freely than other |
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when membrane is at rest |
sodium channels are closed and potassium and chloride can pass |
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resting potential remains stable until |
neuron is stimulated |
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hyperpolarization |
increasing the polarization |
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depolarization |
decreasing the polarization to zero |
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threshold of excitement |
a level above which any stimulation produces a massive depolarization |
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excitatory |
depolarixation |
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inhibitory |
hyperpolarization |
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when at -70 mv |
polarized, resting state |
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refractory period |
drops below -70 and cannot be stimulated by another neuron |
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anesthetic drugs block sodium channels |
preventing action potentials from occuring |
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novacain and xylcaine |
close sodium channels |
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scorpian venom |
opens sodium channels, causes convulsions |
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myelin |
insulating composed of fats and preoteins |
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myelin sheath of axons are interrupted by |
nodes on ranvier |
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in babies myelization process is |
incomplete |
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multtiple sclerosis |
myelin is breaking down problems with movement |
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saltatory conduction |
jumping from node to node |
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seizure disorder |
sudden excessive activity of cerebral neurons |
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Absent seizures are hard to diagnose |
thought to be ADD |
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aura |
a foreshadowing |
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loss of consciousness |
from complete collapse to staring off into space |
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motor component |
hand rubbing, chewing |
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has to have a seizure when brain activity was assessed |
eeg |
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symptomatic |
associated with a specific cause like infection, fever, tumor, trauma, toxin |
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idiopathic |
if seizures appear in the absence of a disease |
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space between neuron |
synapse |
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presynaptic neuron |
end result of an action potential is neurotransmitters being dumped into synapse |
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post synaptic neuron |
dendrites receive message- if excitatory lets sodium in, if inhibiotry becomes hyperpolarized |
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Acetylcholine |
controls muscles and regulated memory (motor neurons) |
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Curare |
blocks acetylcholine- used in hunting |
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dopamine |
produces feelings of pleasure when released by brain reward system. |
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addictive drugs increase |
dopamine |
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dopamine is associated with schizophrenia |
break from reality delusions poor interactions with others |
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Dopamine is associated with parkinson |
problems initiating movement |
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GABA |
major inhibitory nt |
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low levels of GABA |
seizure disorder |
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glutamate |
common excitatory nt |
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excess levels of glutamate |
seizure disorder |
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norepinephrine |
acts as part of fight or flight. also a regulator of normal brain processes |
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Norepinephrine associated with drugs |
speed, amphetamines (used to lose weight) |
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some people developed amphetamine |
psychosis |
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serotonin |
involved in many functions including mood, appetite, and sensory perception. |
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in spinal cord serotinin |
is inhibitory in pain pathways |
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drugs increase |
number of impulses |
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drugs release nt |
with or without impulses |
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drugs block |
reuptake or block receptors blocking repute means more of the nt |
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drugs produce more or less |
nt |
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drugs prevent vesicles |
from releasing nt |
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agonist |
increase/promote presence of nt |
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antagonist |
decrease amount of nt |
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serotonin agonist |
ssri's more nt zoloft, paxil, prozac |
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dopamine agonist |
l-dopa treating parkinsons patients |
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dopamine antagonist |
anti-psychotics thorazine- schizo patients- presented with motor impairment |
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acetylcholine antagonist
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curare |
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GABA agonist |
benzodiazapines xanax, valum calm down, anti anxiety |
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left brain |
speaking, reading |
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right brain |
faces |
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brainstem |
oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull |
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brainstem is responsible for |
automatic survival functions like b.p. and respiratin |
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medulla |
base of brainstem |
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medulla controls |
heartbeat and breathing |
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thalamus |
brains sensory switchboard located on top of brainstem |
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thalamus sends messages to |
sensory areas in the cortex |
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cerebellum |
rear of the brainstem |
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cerebellum helps |
coordinate voluntary movements and balance |
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damage to cerebellum results in |
problem with balance and voluntary movement |
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the limbic system |
boarder between higher and lower brain areas |
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limbic system associated with |
emotion like fear, aggression, drives for food and sex |
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amygdala |
consists of 2 lima bean structures linked to emotions of fear and danger |
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hypothalamus |
below thalamus |
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hypothalamus associated with |
eating, drinking, sexual activity, body temp, regulates pituitary gland |
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hippocampus associated with |
memory storage |
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h.m. removed hippocampus |
couldn't form new memories |
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cerebral cortex |
divided two halves |
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cerebral cortex is connected by |
corpus callosum and most advanced in mammals |
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occipital lobe |
back of the head primary visual cortex, visual input |
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parietal lobe |
on top of head primary somatosensory cortex |
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parietal lobe is target for |
touch, info from joints/ muscles topographic map of body the more sensitive body part, the larger the area |
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agraphia |
difficulty with writing |
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acalculia |
difficulty with math |
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agnosia |
inability to percieve object |
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temporal lobe |
located near temples language |
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frontal lobe |
primary motor cortex, fine motor movement, thinking, and planning |
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concussions |
like a fire storm in the brain "to shake violently" neurons stretch chemicals leak |
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symptoms of concussions |
headaches nausea fatigue irritability depression fogginess |
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contusion |
can see in brain image bruise or bleeding |
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second impact syndrome |
getting a second concussion after already having one |
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senses |
olfaction tactile vision audition gustation kinethestic vestibular |
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absolute threshold |
smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected |
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difference threshold |
JND smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected |
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supra threshold |
no question that you can detect it |
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having low threshold |
very sensituve |
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a single candle flame from |
30 miles away |
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we have depth perception because |
our eyes ar placed in front |
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cornea |
clear front of your eye |
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sclera |
white part of your eye- gives eye its shape |
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pupil |
hole in your eye. job is to let light in constricts or dialates |
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iris |
colored muscle that controls pupil |
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lens |
brings things into focus. known as accommodation |
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near object lens |
bends |
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far objects lens |
flattens
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cilliary muscles |
muscles that control the bending of the lense |
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mono vision |
one eye seeing distance and the other seeing up close |
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presbypoia |
old age vision lens doesn't bend like it used to |
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cataracts |
a clouding of the lens rekated to aging |
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aqueous humor |
watery fluid towards front of the eye. helps keep pressure |
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glaucoma |
sneak their of vision blockage of the aqueous humor resulting in accumulation of fluid increasing pressure causes damage to optic nerve and eventual blindness if not treated |
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vitreous humor |
fluid in back of the eye |
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floaters |
spots that appear in result of debris in back of eye |
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refraction |
necessary to focus light ray accomplished by the lens |
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emmotropia |
normal vision |
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myopia |
nearsightedness |
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hyperopia |
farsightedness |
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astigmitism |
unequal curving of cornea. slightly out of focus. blurry vision. takes away sharpness |
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retinas signifigance |
lines inside back of eye contains photoreceptors rods and cones |
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bipolar |
receive message from rods and cones and send t next layer |
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ganglion cells |
specialized cells, one responsibility is recoding colorin opponet process manor |
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macula or fovea |
dead center back of eye |
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rods |
found in periphery lower threshold for activation work in the dark lower acuity don't process color |
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cones |
in fovea higher threshold for activation higher acuity process color r, c, b, receptors |
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darkness adaption curve |
when we go from light to dark, we can't see because cones are working after about 8 min rods start working |
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rhodopsin |
generated in dark allows rods to function |
