Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
discrete emotions theory
|
humans experience a small number of distinct emotions
|
|
|
primary emotions
|
small number (7) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal
|
|
|
secondary emotions
|
sub emotions - usually a mix of several primary emotions
|
|
|
motivational-structural rules
|
deep-seated similarities in communication across animal species
|
|
|
display rules
|
cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotion
|
|
|
cognitive theories of emotion
|
theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking
|
|
|
mere exposure effect
|
phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it
|
|
|
facial feedback hypothesis
|
theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions
|
|
|
nonverbal leakage
|
unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior
|
|
|
proxemics
|
study of personal space
|
|
|
pinocchio response
|
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying
|
|
|
guilty knowledge test (GKT)
|
alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't
|
|
|
integrity tests
|
questionnaires that presumably assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat
|
|
|
positive psychology
|
discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
|
|
|
motivation
|
psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
|
|
|
drive reduction theory
|
theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
equilibrium
|
|
|
Yerkes-Dodson Law
|
inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal on the one hand, and affect and performance on the other
|
|
|
incentive theories
|
theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals
|
|
|
hierarchy of needs
|
model, developed by Abraham Maslow, proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
|
|
|
glucostatic theory
|
theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose
|
|
|
leptin
|
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
|
|
|
set point
|
value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain
|
|
|
internal-external theory
|
theory holding that obese people are motivated by external clues rather than internal clues on when to eat
|
|
|
desire phase
|
phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest
|
|
|
excitement phase
|
phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it
|
|
|
orgasm phase
|
phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women
|
|
|
resolution phase
|
post game cigarette and nap
- phase in human sexual response following orgasm, people report a sense of well being, and relaxation |
|
|
social psychology
|
study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitudes
|
|
|
social facilitation
|
enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others
|
|
|
attribution
|
process of assigning causes to behavior
|
|
|
fundamental attribution error
|
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispossitional influences on other people's behavior
|
|
|
social comparison theory
|
theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others
|
|
|
mass hysteria
|
outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social cognition
|
|
|
conformity
|
tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure
|
|
|
parametric studies
|
studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable
|
|
|
deindividuation
|
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual indentities
|
|
|
group think
|
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making
|
|
|
group polarization
|
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group memebers
|
|
|
cults
|
groups of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
|
|
|
inoculation effect
|
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct an then debunking it
|
|
|
obedience
|
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
|
|
|
diffusion of responsibility
|
reduction in feelings of personal responsibility become less productive in groups
|
|
|
social loafing
|
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
|
|
|
belief
|
conclusion regarding factual evidence
|
|
|
attitude
|
belief that includes an emotional component
|
|
|
self-monitoring
|
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behavior reflects their true feelings attitudes
|
|
|
cognitive dissonance
|
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
|
|
|
self-perception theory
|
theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors
|
|
|
impression management theory
|
theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but we report that we have so our behaviors are consistent with our attitudes
|
|
|
foot-in-door theory
|
persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
|
|
|
door-in-face theory
|
persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted
|
|
|
low-ball technique
|
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low price, and then "adds-on" fees
|
|
|
consciousness
|
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspectives
|
|
|
circadian rhythm
|
cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes
|
|
|
biological clock
|
term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
|
|
|
rapid eye movements (REM)
|
darting of the eyes underneath the closed eyelids during sleep
|
|
|
non-REM (NREM) sleep
|
stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle, during which eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid
|
|
|
REM sleep
|
stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs
|
|
|
lucid dreaming
|
experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
|
|
|
insomnia
|
difficulty falling and staying asleep
|
|
|
restless leg syndrome
|
urge to move our legs or other body parts, often while attempting to sleep
|
|
|
sleep apnea
|
disorder caused by blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue
|
|
|
narcolepsy
|
disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep
|
|
|
night terrors
|
sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to deep sleep
|
|
|
sleep walking
|
walking while fully asleep
|
|
|
activation-synthesis theory
|
theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pns, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story
|
|
|
out-of-body experience
|
sense of our consciousness leaving our body
|
|
|
near-death experiences
|
out-of-body experiences reported by people who've nearly died or thought they were going to die
|
|
|
déja vu
|
feeling of reliving an experience that is new
|
|
|
mystical experience
|
feelings of unity or oneness with the world
|
|
|
meditation
|
set of ritualized practices that train attention and awareness
|
|
|
hypnosis
|
set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
|
|
|
past life regression therapy
|
therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regression patients back to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem
|
|
|
socio-cognitive theory
|
approach to hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations
|
|
|
dissociation theory
|
approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
|
|
|
psychoactive drugs
|
chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons
|
|
|
sedative
|
drug that exerts a calming effect
|
|
|
hypnotic
|
drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect
|
|
|
tolerance
|
reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect
|
|
|
withdrawal
|
unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually
|
|
|
delirium
|
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations, and memory problems, sometimes resulting from alcohol withdrawal
|
|
|
alcohol hallucinosis
|
auditory hallucinations, sometimes accompanied by paranoid beliefs, resulting from alcohol withdrawal
|
|
|
stimulants
|
drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system
|
|
|
narcotics
|
drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep
|
|
|
hallucinogenic
|
causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought
|
|
|
demonic model
|
view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
|
|
|
medical model
|
perception that regarded mental illness as due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
|
|
|
asylums
|
institutions for the mentally ill created in the fifthteenth century
|
|
|
moral treatment
|
approach to mentall illness calling for dignity, kindness and respect for the mentally ill
|
|
|
deinstitutionalization
|
60s and 70s gov't policy that focused on releasing hospitalized into the community and close the hospitals
|
|
|
bulimia nervosa
|
eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight
|
|
|
anorexia nervosa
|
eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight
|
|
|
(DSM) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
|
diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
|
|
|
panic disorder
|
repeated and unexpected attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them
|
|
|
generalized anxiety disorder
|
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning
|
|
|
phobia
|
intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
|
|
|
agoraphobia
|
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in case of a panic attack
|
|
|
specific phobia
|
intense fear of objects, places, or situations that are greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
|
|
|
PTSD
|
marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event
|
|
|
OCD
|
condition marked by repeated and lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
|
|
|
compulsions
|
repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce or prevent stress
|
|
|
anxiety sensitivity
|
fear of anxiety-related sensations
|
|
|
major depressive episode
|
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include : weight loss, and sleep difficulties
|
|
|
cognitive model of depression
|
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
|
|
|
learned helpedness
|
tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control
|
|
|
manic episode
|
experience marked by dramtically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy - irresponsible
|
|
|
bipolar disorder
|
condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
|
|
|
schizophrenia
|
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
|
|
|
delusions
|
strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
|
|
|
psychotic symptoms
|
psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in reality
|
|
|
hallucinations
|
sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus
|
|
|
catatonic symptoms
|
motor problems, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid positions
|
|
|
diathesis stress model
|
perspective that proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
|
|
|
personality disorder
|
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress of impairment
|
|
|
borderline personality disorder
|
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
|
|
|
psychopathic personality
|
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk taking
|
|
|
antisocial personality disorder
|
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
|
|
|
psychotherapy
|
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
|
|
|
paraprofessional
|
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
|
|
|
insight therapies
|
looking for the reason (underlying) ((bottom of iceberg)) for the maniaaaa
|
|
|
free association
|
technique in which patients express themselves without censorship of anysort
|
|
|
resistance
|
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses
|
|
|
transference
|
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist
|
|
|
work through
|
to confront and resolve problems, conflicts, and ineffective coping responses in everyday life
|
|
|
interpersonal therapy
|
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems
|
|
|
humanistic-existential psychotherapy
|
therapies that share an emphasis on the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is positive
|
|
|
phenomenological approach
|
perspective in which therapists encounter patients in terms of subjective phenomena (thoughts and feelings) in the present moment
|
|
|
person-centered therapy
|
therapy centering on the patients goals and ways of solving problems
|
|
|
gestalt therapy
|
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
|
|
|
experiential therapies
|
interventions that recognize the importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings
|
|
|
logotherapy
|
therapeutic approach that helps people find meaning in their lives
|
|
|
behavioral therapists
|
therapist who focuses on specific problem behaviors
|
|
|
systematic desensitization
|
gradually exposing what patients fear to them (imagined scenes)
|
|
|
exposure therapy
|
therapy that confronts patients what they fear to reduce their fear
|
|
|
dismantling
|
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
|
|
|
response prevention
|
technique in which therapists prevent patients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors
|
|
|
participant modeling
|
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the patient through steps to cope until they can go unasssisted
|
|
|
token economy
|
gold stars, gold dabloons - > method in which desirable behavior earns tokens that can be exchanged for shit
|
|
|
aversion therapy
|
treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors
|
|
|
cognitivie-behavioral therapy
|
treatment that attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive rational cognitions
|
|
|
pharmacotherapy
|
use of medication to treat psychological problems
|
|
|
electroconvulsive therapy
|
patients receive shocks to the brain to induce seizures to treat serious psychological problems
|
|
|
psychotherapy
|
brain therapy to treat psychological problems
|
