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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ventral stream
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flow of info about "what" we are looking at in our visual field
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dorsal stream
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flow of the visual info about "where" it is located
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Biological Rhythms
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Variations in the timing and duration of biological activity (eg eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc), occur in both animals and man.
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Circadian Rhythms
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24 hour bodily rhythm
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Restorative Theory
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Provides us a point where cells can repair after extended usage (production of adenosine)
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Preservation Theory
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Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active (determined by the food chain)
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Memory Storage Theory
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Sleep allows us time to consolidate and organize our memories
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Maturation Theory
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During adolescence there is a shift in the peak release of melatonin which causes us to go to bed later and wake up later
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Randy Gardner
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Stayed awake for 11 days in 1965
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Peter Tripp
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Stayed awake for 201 hours in 1959
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Sleep Deprivation
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Impacts our mood, attention and alertness, problem-solving and reaction speed and causes Microsleep (dozing off without even realizing it)
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Polysomnograph
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(PSG) a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep; the test is called a polysomnogram
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Beta Waves
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Stage of pre-sleep, (smaller/faster) - person is wide awake and mentally active
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Alpha Waves
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Stage of pre-sleep, (larger/slower) - person is relaxed or lightly sleeping
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Theta Waves
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Stages 1 and 2 of Non-REM sleep, threshold between sleeping and being awake.
Stage 1: (Theta waves) Light sleep, hypnic jerk, hallucinations Stage 2: (Increase in theta waves) Lasts for 20 minutes. Temperature, breathing and heart rate decrease, K complex |
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Delta Waves
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Stages 3 and 4 of Non-REM sleep, deepest points of sleep. Slowest stage, usually occurs within the first few gours of sleep, lasts 30-40 minutes, very difficult to wake up from
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REM Sleep
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(Rapid Eye Movement) active stage where dreaming occurs. Include: high levels of brain activity, muscles are relaxed to prevent us from physically acting out our dreams, dreams from the second half of the night are easier to remember than dreams you have when you first fall asleep
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Sleep Latency
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Amount of time to get to sleep
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Sleep Continuity
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Overall balance between sleep and wake during the night
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Sleep Architecture
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Amount and distribution of the sleep stages
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Dysomnias
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Difficulty with initiating or obtaining sleep or excessive sleepiness (sleep latency/sleep continuity)
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Parasomnias
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Problems related to sleep stages (sleep architecture)
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Insomnia
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A dysomnia. Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep. Associated with anxiety and nervous personalities, can be related to behavioral conditioning, drug treatments are usually GABA agonists
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Narcolepsy
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A dysomnia. Overwhelming urge to fall asleep and accidental naps. Usually occurs every 3-5 hours throughout the day. Symptoms (not always present) include: cataplexic attacks - loss of muscle tone, sleep paralysis - waking up from a sleep and being fully awake mentally but physically paralyzed, hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleeping. Possibly genetic but the exact cause is unknown
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Sleep Apnea
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A dysomnia. Individual stops breathing periodically during the night. Two types: (1) obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) - air pathways obstructed, (2) central sleep apnea. Symptoms include: snoring, gasping for breath during sleep, dull headaches upon wakening, repeated awakenings, daytime sleepiness and accidental naps
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Nightmares
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A parasomnia. Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc. Occurs only during REM sleep
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Night Terrors
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A parasomnia. Bad dreams that occur during deep sleep usually in childhood.
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Sleep Walking
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A parasomnia. Moving or walking around during deep sleep
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Sleep Talking
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A parasomnia. Talking only during shallow sleep
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Manifest Content
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Developed by Freud and apart of the psychoanalytic approach. Reflecting the dream itself and what happens
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Latent Content
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Developed by Freud and apart of the psychoanalytic approach. Underlying meaning of the dream
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Cognitive Dream Theory
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Dreams can be used to analyze and potentially solve problems
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Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreams
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Dreams reflect random firing of neurons because problem solving areas of the brain are inactive (explains why dreams are so bizarre)
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Learning
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Relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience.
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Classical conditioning
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A type of learning where an organism comes to create associations between multiple stimuli.
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian physiologist that discovered classical conditioning through experimentation with the salivary reflexes of dogs
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Unconditioned stimulus
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A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning
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Unconditioned response
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A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
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Conditioned stimulus
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An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned response
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A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
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Neutral stimulus
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Stimulus that does not affect subject
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Temporal contiguity
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Responses develop when the interval between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus is very short, backward conditioning
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Contingency theory
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Association was dependent upon the perceived predictability of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
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Generalization
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A new stimulus resembling the original elicits a response similar to conditioned response. Example: the dog will salivate to a whistle that sounds similar to the bell
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Discrimination
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Learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. Example: presenting the whistle over and over again without food to cause the dog to discriminate between the two sounds and only salivate to the bell
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Extinction
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Weakening of the relationship between the conditioned response and the conditioned stimulus by continual presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
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Spontaneous recovery
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Conditioned response recurring after a time delay
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Higher order conditioning
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A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus
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Little Albert
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Baby experimented on by John Watson. Was conditioned to fear a white rat and eventually generalized to anything white and furry because whenever he would reach for the rat Watson made a loud clanging noise behind him. Fear is not nature but nurtured
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Counter-conditioning
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The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible wit an unwanted conditioned reponse
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Conditioned emotional response
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(CERs) learned emotional reactions like anxiety or happiness that occur as a response to predictive cues
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Conditioned taste aversion
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When an organism becomes nauseated some time after eating a certain food, which then becomes aversive to the organism. Example: Getting food poisoning at a restaurant and never going back
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Place conditioning
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Example: Drug overdosing - eventually the body becomes conditioned to a certain drug and is able to consume more for the same affects
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Learned helplessness
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Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
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Edward Thorndike
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Developed Law of Effect
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B.F. Skinner
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Developed the Skinner Box - a controlled environment for training. Conditioned rats to press a bar which would automatically release a food pellet or drop of water
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Law of effect
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Responses follow by pleasurable consequences are repeated
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Puzzle box
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Used by Thorndike to test animal intelligence. The cat's escape from the box quickened as the trials were repeated. Thorndike believed that the behavioral changes were because of the consequences (cats learned how to escape from the box in order to reach food)
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Shaping
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Rewarding approximations of desired behaviors
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Reinforcement
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The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
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Punishment
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The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows
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Positive reinforcement
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Addition of pleasurable stimulus to increase a behavior
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Negative reinforcement
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Removal of pleasurable stimulus to increase a behavior
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Positive punishment
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Addition of unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
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Negative punishment
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Removal of pleasurable stimulus to decrease a behavior
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Fixed ratio schedule
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Same number of desired responses required. Example: punch cards; for every 10 you get one free. Rapid responses with short pause rates
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Variable ratio schedule
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Number of responses required varies for each event. Example: gambling on slot machines. Rapid rate without pauses
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Fixed interval schedule
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Always same time before reinforcement opportunity. Example: receiving a paycheck every two weeks. Long pauses occur after reinforcement
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Variable interval schedule
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Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time. Example: fishing - possibility of catching the first fish in one minute or one hour. Slower, steady rate without pauses
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Observational learning
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"Social Learning Theory." Learning by watching others. Example: Bandura's Bobo doll experiment - children watch a video of an aggressive model interacting with the Bobo doll and later display the same type of of aggression towards the Bobo doll when put in the playroom
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Albert Bandura
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Conducted the Bobo doll experiment
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Latent learning
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Underlying knowledge that is not necessary observable but still acquired. Example: rats completed one maze a day but only certain groups received food (various methods of reinforcement)
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Encoding
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Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes. Example: labeling folders of information
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Storage
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"Holding on" to encoded information. Example: filing cabinets
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Retrieval
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Pulling information from storage. Example: being able to look back through folders.
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Sensory Memory
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Part of retrieval. Holds information in its original form only for an instant - 1. Iconic (visual) - glimpse of an image, 2. Echoic (auditory) - slight delay of hearing
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Short Term Memory
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Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. Only retained for about 30 seconds
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Chunking
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Grouping units into higher order units that can be remembered
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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Repeating words over and over again
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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Reflect mindfully on the words and their meanings as one repeats them
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Shallow Processing
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Sensory or physical features
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Intermediate Processing
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Given a label
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Deep Processing
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Processed semantically, in terms of its meaning. The more associates, the deeper the meaning
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Long Term Memory
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Permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time. Storage capacity is unlimited
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Explicit Memories
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Conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events (who, what, where, when, why)
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Episodic Memories
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Retention of information about life's happenings (autobiographical)
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Semantic Memories
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General knowledge of the world such as meanings of words, famous people, important places etc.
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Implicit Memories
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Behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected
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Procedural Memories
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Memory for skills that often don't require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and improve. Example: tying your shoes
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Incidental Learning
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Unintentional or unplanned learning
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Priming
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Exposure to events that influence future behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive responses. Generally unintentional
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Serial Position Curve
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Recall is superior for certain items located at the beginning and end of a list
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Primacy Effect
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Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows
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Recency Effect
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Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it
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Retrieval Cues
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Recall and recognition
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Recognition
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Memory task with cues to help recognize learned items. Example: multiple-choice tests
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State Dependent Learning
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People recall information better when they are in the same PSYCHOLOGICAL state or mood as when they were learning the information.
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Context Dependent Learning
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People recall information better when they are in the same PHYSICAL place as when they were learning the information
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Encoding Failure
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Information never makes it into storage (long term memory). Example: Alzheimer's Disease, Penny Test
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Retrieval Failure
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Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long term memory
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Proactive Interference
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(Forward acting) interference - problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of new information
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Retroactive Interference
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(Backwards acting) interference - problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
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Anterograde Amnesia
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Loss of retention of new material from the time of the event forward
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Memory loss for a segment/segments of the past. Loss of previously formed memories
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Psychogenic Amnesia
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Non-organic causes of memory loss (no physical brain damage)
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Activation Information Mode Model
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Dreams are relatively random but involve daytime experiences
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Capacity
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5-9 items are remembered in short term memory
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Recall
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Memory task without cues. Example: essay tests
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Source Amnesia
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Misattribution of the source of memory
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sclera
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white outer surface
maintains shape |
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Pupil/iris
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opening for light to enter eye
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cornea
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focuses light into the eye
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lense
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uses process of accommodation to focus image on retina
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retina
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back of eye where light is focused
- 3 layers *photoreceptor cells *bipolar neuron *ganglian cells |
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blind spot
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exists at the optic nerve
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rods
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more for scoptic (nighttime)
located in the peripherals more rods than cones |
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cones
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more for photopic vision (daytime)
located more in center less cones than rods |
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parallel processing
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the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality
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subtractive coloring
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removing wavelengths of light being reflected
ex- mixing colored paint |
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additive coloring
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increasing wavelengths of light being reflected from surface with mixing colored lights
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Young and Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
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-color vision is based on photopigments: red, green, blue
- describes processing at the retinal level but not the cortical |
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Karl Hering's Opponent processing theory
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-colors arranged in specific antagonist pairs
- explains central processing |