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122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
ventral stream
flow of info about "what" we are looking at in our visual field
dorsal stream
flow of the visual info about "where" it is located
Biological Rhythms
Variations in the timing and duration of biological activity (eg eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc), occur in both animals and man.
Circadian Rhythms
24 hour bodily rhythm
Restorative Theory
Provides us a point where cells can repair after extended usage (production of adenosine)
Preservation Theory
Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active (determined by the food chain)
Memory Storage Theory
Sleep allows us time to consolidate and organize our memories
Maturation Theory
During adolescence there is a shift in the peak release of melatonin which causes us to go to bed later and wake up later
Randy Gardner
Stayed awake for 11 days in 1965
Peter Tripp
Stayed awake for 201 hours in 1959
Sleep Deprivation
Impacts our mood, attention and alertness, problem-solving and reaction speed and causes Microsleep (dozing off without even realizing it)
Polysomnograph
(PSG) a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep; the test is called a polysomnogram
Beta Waves
Stage of pre-sleep, (smaller/faster) - person is wide awake and mentally active
Alpha Waves
Stage of pre-sleep, (larger/slower) - person is relaxed or lightly sleeping
Theta Waves
Stages 1 and 2 of Non-REM sleep, threshold between sleeping and being awake.
Stage 1: (Theta waves) Light sleep, hypnic jerk, hallucinations
Stage 2: (Increase in theta waves) Lasts for 20 minutes. Temperature, breathing and heart rate decrease, K complex
Delta Waves
Stages 3 and 4 of Non-REM sleep, deepest points of sleep. Slowest stage, usually occurs within the first few gours of sleep, lasts 30-40 minutes, very difficult to wake up from
REM Sleep
(Rapid Eye Movement) active stage where dreaming occurs. Include: high levels of brain activity, muscles are relaxed to prevent us from physically acting out our dreams, dreams from the second half of the night are easier to remember than dreams you have when you first fall asleep
Sleep Latency
Amount of time to get to sleep
Sleep Continuity
Overall balance between sleep and wake during the night
Sleep Architecture
Amount and distribution of the sleep stages
Dysomnias
Difficulty with initiating or obtaining sleep or excessive sleepiness (sleep latency/sleep continuity)
Parasomnias
Problems related to sleep stages (sleep architecture)
Insomnia
A dysomnia. Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep. Associated with anxiety and nervous personalities, can be related to behavioral conditioning, drug treatments are usually GABA agonists
Narcolepsy
A dysomnia. Overwhelming urge to fall asleep and accidental naps. Usually occurs every 3-5 hours throughout the day. Symptoms (not always present) include: cataplexic attacks - loss of muscle tone, sleep paralysis - waking up from a sleep and being fully awake mentally but physically paralyzed, hallucinations, and excessive daytime sleeping. Possibly genetic but the exact cause is unknown
Sleep Apnea
A dysomnia. Individual stops breathing periodically during the night. Two types: (1) obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) - air pathways obstructed, (2) central sleep apnea. Symptoms include: snoring, gasping for breath during sleep, dull headaches upon wakening, repeated awakenings, daytime sleepiness and accidental naps
Nightmares
A parasomnia. Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc. Occurs only during REM sleep
Night Terrors
A parasomnia. Bad dreams that occur during deep sleep usually in childhood.
Sleep Walking
A parasomnia. Moving or walking around during deep sleep
Sleep Talking
A parasomnia. Talking only during shallow sleep
Manifest Content
Developed by Freud and apart of the psychoanalytic approach. Reflecting the dream itself and what happens
Latent Content
Developed by Freud and apart of the psychoanalytic approach. Underlying meaning of the dream
Cognitive Dream Theory
Dreams can be used to analyze and potentially solve problems
Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreams
Dreams reflect random firing of neurons because problem solving areas of the brain are inactive (explains why dreams are so bizarre)
Learning
Relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience.
Classical conditioning
A type of learning where an organism comes to create associations between multiple stimuli.
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist that discovered classical conditioning through experimentation with the salivary reflexes of dogs
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning
Unconditioned response
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
Conditioned stimulus
An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that does not affect subject
Temporal contiguity
Responses develop when the interval between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus is very short, backward conditioning
Contingency theory
Association was dependent upon the perceived predictability of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
Generalization
A new stimulus resembling the original elicits a response similar to conditioned response. Example: the dog will salivate to a whistle that sounds similar to the bell
Discrimination
Learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. Example: presenting the whistle over and over again without food to cause the dog to discriminate between the two sounds and only salivate to the bell
Extinction
Weakening of the relationship between the conditioned response and the conditioned stimulus by continual presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned response recurring after a time delay
Higher order conditioning
A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus
Little Albert
Baby experimented on by John Watson. Was conditioned to fear a white rat and eventually generalized to anything white and furry because whenever he would reach for the rat Watson made a loud clanging noise behind him. Fear is not nature but nurtured
Counter-conditioning
The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible wit an unwanted conditioned reponse
Conditioned emotional response
(CERs) learned emotional reactions like anxiety or happiness that occur as a response to predictive cues
Conditioned taste aversion
When an organism becomes nauseated some time after eating a certain food, which then becomes aversive to the organism. Example: Getting food poisoning at a restaurant and never going back
Place conditioning
Example: Drug overdosing - eventually the body becomes conditioned to a certain drug and is able to consume more for the same affects
Learned helplessness
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
Edward Thorndike
Developed Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner
Developed the Skinner Box - a controlled environment for training. Conditioned rats to press a bar which would automatically release a food pellet or drop of water
Law of effect
Responses follow by pleasurable consequences are repeated
Puzzle box
Used by Thorndike to test animal intelligence. The cat's escape from the box quickened as the trials were repeated. Thorndike believed that the behavioral changes were because of the consequences (cats learned how to escape from the box in order to reach food)
Shaping
Rewarding approximations of desired behaviors
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
Punishment
The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows
Positive reinforcement
Addition of pleasurable stimulus to increase a behavior
Negative reinforcement
Removal of pleasurable stimulus to increase a behavior
Positive punishment
Addition of unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment
Removal of pleasurable stimulus to decrease a behavior
Fixed ratio schedule
Same number of desired responses required. Example: punch cards; for every 10 you get one free. Rapid responses with short pause rates
Variable ratio schedule
Number of responses required varies for each event. Example: gambling on slot machines. Rapid rate without pauses
Fixed interval schedule
Always same time before reinforcement opportunity. Example: receiving a paycheck every two weeks. Long pauses occur after reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
Reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time. Example: fishing - possibility of catching the first fish in one minute or one hour. Slower, steady rate without pauses
Observational learning
"Social Learning Theory." Learning by watching others. Example: Bandura's Bobo doll experiment - children watch a video of an aggressive model interacting with the Bobo doll and later display the same type of of aggression towards the Bobo doll when put in the playroom
Albert Bandura
Conducted the Bobo doll experiment
Latent learning
Underlying knowledge that is not necessary observable but still acquired. Example: rats completed one maze a day but only certain groups received food (various methods of reinforcement)
Encoding
Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes. Example: labeling folders of information
Storage
"Holding on" to encoded information. Example: filing cabinets
Retrieval
Pulling information from storage. Example: being able to look back through folders.
Sensory Memory
Part of retrieval. Holds information in its original form only for an instant - 1. Iconic (visual) - glimpse of an image, 2. Echoic (auditory) - slight delay of hearing
Short Term Memory
Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. Only retained for about 30 seconds
Chunking
Grouping units into higher order units that can be remembered
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating words over and over again
Elaborative Rehearsal
Reflect mindfully on the words and their meanings as one repeats them
Shallow Processing
Sensory or physical features
Intermediate Processing
Given a label
Deep Processing
Processed semantically, in terms of its meaning. The more associates, the deeper the meaning
Long Term Memory
Permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time. Storage capacity is unlimited
Explicit Memories
Conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events (who, what, where, when, why)
Episodic Memories
Retention of information about life's happenings (autobiographical)
Semantic Memories
General knowledge of the world such as meanings of words, famous people, important places etc.
Implicit Memories
Behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected
Procedural Memories
Memory for skills that often don't require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and improve. Example: tying your shoes
Incidental Learning
Unintentional or unplanned learning
Priming
Exposure to events that influence future behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive responses. Generally unintentional
Serial Position Curve
Recall is superior for certain items located at the beginning and end of a list
Primacy Effect
Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows
Recency Effect
Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it
Retrieval Cues
Recall and recognition
Recognition
Memory task with cues to help recognize learned items. Example: multiple-choice tests
State Dependent Learning
People recall information better when they are in the same PSYCHOLOGICAL state or mood as when they were learning the information.
Context Dependent Learning
People recall information better when they are in the same PHYSICAL place as when they were learning the information
Encoding Failure
Information never makes it into storage (long term memory). Example: Alzheimer's Disease, Penny Test
Retrieval Failure
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long term memory
Proactive Interference
(Forward acting) interference - problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of new information
Retroactive Interference
(Backwards acting) interference - problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of retention of new material from the time of the event forward
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss for a segment/segments of the past. Loss of previously formed memories
Psychogenic Amnesia
Non-organic causes of memory loss (no physical brain damage)
Activation Information Mode Model
Dreams are relatively random but involve daytime experiences
Capacity
5-9 items are remembered in short term memory
Recall
Memory task without cues. Example: essay tests
Source Amnesia
Misattribution of the source of memory
sclera
white outer surface
maintains shape
Pupil/iris
opening for light to enter eye
cornea
focuses light into the eye
lense
uses process of accommodation to focus image on retina
retina
back of eye where light is focused
- 3 layers
*photoreceptor cells
*bipolar neuron
*ganglian cells
blind spot
exists at the optic nerve
rods
more for scoptic (nighttime)
located in the peripherals
more rods than cones
cones
more for photopic vision (daytime)
located more in center
less cones than rods
parallel processing
the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality
subtractive coloring
removing wavelengths of light being reflected
ex- mixing colored paint
additive coloring
increasing wavelengths of light being reflected from surface with mixing colored lights
Young and Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
-color vision is based on photopigments: red, green, blue
- describes processing at the retinal level but not the cortical
Karl Hering's Opponent processing theory
-colors arranged in specific antagonist pairs
- explains central processing