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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
psychology
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the study of the mind and brain
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levels of explanation
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rungs on a ladder of explanation, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences
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mysterians
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people who believe that certain questions regarding human nature are unaswerable
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Meehl's maxim
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guideline that the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior
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multiply determined
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caused by many factors
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single-variable explanations
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explanations that try to account for complex behaviors in terms of only a single cause
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multicollinearity
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overlap among different causes of behavior, often making it difficult to identify which case or causes are operating
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reciprocal determinism
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tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior
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jangle fallacy
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error of assuming that measures that carry the same label necessarily assess the same thing
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reflexivity
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paradox referring to the fact that the human brain is trying to understand itself
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reactivity
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tendency for people to behave differently when they know they're being studied
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individual differences
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variations among people in their thinking, emotion, and behavior
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emic
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approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider
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etic
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approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider
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introspection
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method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
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paranormal
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events, like extrasensory perception, that fall outside the boundaries of traditional science
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science-practitioner gap
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divide between psychologists who believe that clinical practice should primarily be a science versus those who believe that clinical practice should primarily be an art
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structuralism
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school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience
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functionalism
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school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics
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behaviorism
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school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism
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black box
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term sometimes used to describe behaviorists' view of the mind, namely, an unknown entity that we don't need to understand to explain behavior
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cognition
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mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking
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psychoanalysis
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school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we're unaware
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critical multiplism
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approach of using many different methods in concert
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basic research
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research examining how the mind works
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applied research
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research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
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evolutionary psychology
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discipline that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior
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just-so stories
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superficial explanations made up after the fact; a term sometimes applied by critics to some evolutionary psychology hypotheses
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compatibilism
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compromise between free will and determinism that says the two can coexist
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