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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the stages of developing language and what are the ages associated with these stages?
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0-12 months- Crying, cooing, babbling
10-17 mo- first word, one-word stage 18-20 mo- two word stage and application of basic rules of grammar 24 mo- telegraphic speech, rules of grammar (overgeneralization and overextension) 36 mo- caretaker speech |
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What is language?
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A form of comminication consoisting of sounds, words, meanings, and their combinations
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What is the property of language that account for the communication of meaning?
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semanticity
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What are the basic, distinct sounds of a spoken language?
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phonemes
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What are the samlles units that carry meaning in language? (prefixes, root words etc.)
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morphemes
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What is a group of words that act as a unit to convay a meaning and is formed of morphemes?
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a phrase
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What is the proerty of language that accounts for the capacity to use a limited number of words to produce an infinate variety of expressions?
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generativity
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What are the rules of grammar that govern theh arrangement if words in a sentence?
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syntax
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What is the property of language that accounts for the capacity to communicate about matters that are not in the here-and-now?
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displacement
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What is the social context of language and an understanding of how to use it?
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pragmitics
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What is the spontaneous vocalization of basic speech sounds, which infants begin at about 4 months?
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babbling
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What is the nature view of language? Any proof?
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language aquisition is prewired
kids aquire grammatical rules without learning them, kids babble all of the human phonemes at a young age |
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What is the nurture view of language?
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Language is social
w/o exposure to language you will not speak it |
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What is telegraphic speech?
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Early short form of speech in which a child omits unecassary words (Kitty follow Ann home)
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What is overgeneralization of grammar?
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The application of basic grammatical rules be children where they do not apply (I breakED the TV)
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What is overextension of grammar?
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The application of a word for a whole catagory of things
(doggie for dogs, cats, horses) |
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What is intelligence?
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The capacity to learn from experience and adapt successfully to one's enviroment
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What are the types of Intelligence tests?
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Stanford-Binet, Wechsler scales, Group aptitude tests
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What is the Stanford Binet Test?
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An american version of Binet's intelligence test that yeilds an IQ score with an average of 100.
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What is mental age?
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In an intelligence test the average age if the children who achieve a certain level of performance
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What is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
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Originally defined as the ratio of mental age to chronological age, it now represents a person's performance relative to same age peers
(originally mental age/chronological age x 100) IQ looks more at rate of development |
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What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
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The most widely used IQ test for adults, it yeikds seperate scores for verbal and performance subscores (and is very time consuming)
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What is the benefit of group aptitude tests?
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They can test more than one person at a time (unlike WAIS and Stan-Bin)
They are standardized, reliable, and valid |
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What is the procedure by which existing norms are used to interpret an inividual's test score?
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standardization
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what is the extent to which a test yeilds consistant results over time or using alternate forms?
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reliablity
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What is the degree to which a test yiels consistant results when readministered at a later time
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test-retest reliability
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What is the degree to which alternate forms of a test yeild consistant results?
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split-half reliability
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What is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is designed to?
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validity
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What are the two types of reliabliity?
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test-retest and split-half reliability
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What are the two types of validity?
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content validity and criterion validity
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What is the extent to which a test measures what it's suppose to neasure?
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content validity
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What is the extent to which a test can predict a concurrent or future outcome?
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criterion validity
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What is general intellingence (g)?
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A broad intellectual ability foctor used to explain why performance of different intelligence tests items are often correlated
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What is factor analysis?
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A statical technique used to identify clusters of test items that correlate to one another
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What is Spearman's theory of intelligence?
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That individuals differ in general intelligence,
and to explain why correlations among tests are not perfect her believed thar each test score is affected by the specific ability being tested |
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How does neural speed correlate to IQ?
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The faster neurons fire the higer the IQ
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What are Gardner's frames of mind?
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The theory of mulitiple intelligences that are each linked to a seperate and independant system within the human brain
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What are multiple intelligences?
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Gardener's theory that there are seven types of intelligence:
linguistic, logical-mathimatical, spacial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpresonal, and intrapersonal) |
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What is Steinberg's Triarchic theory?
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The intelligence theory that there are three kinds of intelligence:
analytic creative practical |
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What is analytic intelligence?
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mental steps or "components" used ot solve problems
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What is creative intelligence?
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Use of experience in ways that foster insight and leads to novel solutions
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What is divergent thinking?
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The ability to think flexibly and entertain a wide tange of possible solutions
associated with creative thinking |
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What is practical intelligence?
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The ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life
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What is personality?
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An individual's distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors
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What is the interactionalist view of personality?
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A view that argues that personality is not just a ripening of genetic traits, nor just the effect of varied situations but both
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What is the consistancy paradox of personality?
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Although people see themselves as acting consistently across situations, the cross-situational correlations are usually quite low
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What are the 5 main approaches to studying personality?
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Trait, psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive social learning, and humanistic
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What is the ideographic appraoch to trait theory
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The approach to personality that stresses uniqueness. No two personalities are exactly alike; therefore, in this approach investigators believe that personality must be studied in terms of its own organization and not in comparison to other personalities. The idiographic approach also stresses the study of the whole personality.
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What is the nomothetic approach in trait theory?
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This approach to the study of personality stresses that uniqueness may be accounted for as a point of intersection of a number of quantitative variables. The theorist who uses the nomothetic approach usually describes personality in terms of traits that all people posses in greater or lesser degrees.
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What is a relatively stable predisposition to behave a certain way?
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a trait
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What is the parodox of personality that is described when someone says, "You've changed"
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stability paradox
ppl assume that personality is relatively stable throughout time when it may not be |
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What is the paradox of stability that is described when someone says, "You're not yourself today"
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consistancy paradox
ppl tend to be more flexible in childhood consistancy increases with age |
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What are the critisisms of personallity consistancy?
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that behavior is controlled by a situation
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What was Epsteins view on personality?
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personality consistancy depends both on situaltion and general trends
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What is the trait approach to personality?
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ppl habe a number of characteristics or traits that control specific behavior
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What does the trait approach describe?
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it describes and measures personality factors it does NOT explain why they occur
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What is the idenographic approach to personality?
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there exists an unlimited amount of traits
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What is the nomotheic approach to personality?
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There exists a limited amount of traits (the current way of thinking)
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What was Gordon Allports approach to personality
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trait , idenographic
There are three types of traits: cardinal (obvious: agressive), central (not dominant: argumentitive) and secondary (occasionally angry) |
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What are Alloports three basic trait types?
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cardinal (obvious: agressive),
central (not dominant: argumentitive) and secondary (occasionally angry) |
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What was Catell's approach to personality?
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trait, nomothethic
first 18,000 traits, then 16 source traits |
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What are Erykson's trait dimensions
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There are 3:
introversion v extroversion neurotisism v stability psychoticism v considration |
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What are the big 5 of personality?
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extroversion
agreeabaleness consciousness/dependability emotional stability (neuroticism) openess (cultural and intellectual) |
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What is the trait theory approach to testing personality?
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objective testing
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What is an example of an objective test of personality?
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MMPI-2
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What is the MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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A large-scale test designed to measure a multitude of psychological disorders and personality traits.
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How much of one's personallity is genetic?
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1/2
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What is the critique of trait personality theory?
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It makes weak predictions
does not explain "WHY?" does not accuratly account for cultural norms/influence RELIES ON SELF REPORTING |
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What is the psychodynamic theory have to say about personality?
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Ppl's behvior (and personality) is controlled by inner forces of which they are unaware. The forces of the unconsciousness forces in each person depends on experiences in childhood
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What is the name for when a patient moves feelings aimed at one person onto another?
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transference
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WHat is it called when a patient goes blank or changes the subject at the brink of an imp insight?
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resistance
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What is (in psychoanalysis) the primitive and inconcious part of personality that contains casic drives and opprates according to the pleasure principle?
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ID
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What is the Id's coundless drive for imediate gratification?
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pleasure principle
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WHt is the part of personality that consists on one's moral IDEALS and conscience?
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superego
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What is an image of the ideal we strive for?
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ego-ideal
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What is a set of prohibitions that define how we should not behave?
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conscience
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What is the part of personality tjat opperates according to the reality principle and mediates the conflict between the id and superego
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the ego
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What is the ego's capacity to delay gratification?
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the reality principle
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What does Freud say about human development?
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(1) personality is shaped in the first few years of life
(2) resolution of "psychosexual" conflicts is the key contributor |
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What are the psychosexual stages?
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Freud's stages of personality during whch pleasure is derived from different parts of the body
(oral, anal, phallic, genital) |
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What is the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual stages? What is the source of conflict?
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first year of life when infants derive pleasure from mouth
wheening is source of conflict |
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What is the anal stage of Freud's psychosexual stages? What is the source of conflict?
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(2-3 years) pleasure is derived from the sensation of holding on to and letting go of feces
toilet training is source of conflict |
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What is the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual stages? What is the source of conflict?
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(4-6 years) pleasure is derived from genitals
(kids play with themselves in public and parents respond is source of conflict) |
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What comes after the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual stages?
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The Oedipus conflict
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What is the process by which children internalize their parents values and form a superego? (in psychianalysis)
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identification
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What is the larency period of Freud's psychosexual stages?
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(age 7-12) when sexual impulses lie dormant
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What is the genital stage of Freud's psychosexual stages? What is the source of conflict?
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(Pubert on) adultlike sexual urges
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What is the tendency to get locked on at early, immature stages of psychosexual development?
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fixation
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WHat are unconcious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying and distorting reality?
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defense mechanisms
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What are the psychosexual stages of development
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oral (1 y)
anal (2-3) phallic (4-6) [Oedipus conflict] [latency period] genital (puberty on) |
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The preconcious includes what?
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ego and some of superego
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The unconcious includes what?
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ID and some of super ego
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What are Freud's defense mechanisms?
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repression
denial projection reaction formation rationalization sublimination (regression) (displacement) |
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What is the defense mechanism that involves the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable impulses
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regression
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What is the unconscious defence mechanism, whereby the mind redirects emotion from a ‘dangerous’ object to a ‘safe’ object. In psychoanalytic theory, displacement is a defence mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening target; redirecting emotion to a safer outlet
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displacement
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What is the defence mechanism when personally threatening thought, memories and impluses are banned from awareness
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repression
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What is the primitive form of repression in which anziety filled external events are barred from awareness
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denial
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What is the defence mechanism when ppl attribute their own unaccaptable impulses onto others
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projection
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What is the defence mechanism when one converts an unacceptable feeling into its opposite
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reaction formation
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What is the defence mechanism that describes making excuses for one's failures and shortcomings
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rationalization
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What is the defence mechanism that describes the channeling of repressed sexual urges and agressive behavior into socially accaptable substiture outlets
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sublimination
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what are tests tha allow ppl to "project" inconcious needs wishes etc. onto ambiguous stimuli
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projective tests
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What are two projective tests?
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Roschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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What is the inkblot test called?
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Roschach
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WHat is a projective personality test in which ppl are asked to make up stories from ambigous pictures?
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Tematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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What are the critisisms for projective personality tests?
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Lack reliability (examiners can reach diff conclusions based on same answers) and variability ( does not discriminate btw groups with diff personalities)
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What are the critisisms of Freud?
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few objectibe observations
after the fact explainations inaccesible to control studies too fexible no consideration for culture little evidence that chilhood determines adulthood |
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What is the Behaviorist approach to personality?
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personality based on punishment and reinforcement
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According to behaviorists what causes personality disorders?
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positive reinforcement of inappropriate behavior or vice versa
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What are the critisisms of the behaviorist approach?
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ignores emotion
lowin comprehensiveness |
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What is the Cognitive-Social learning approach to behavior?
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it is similar to the behaviorist approach in that there is learning but this learning is done through modeling, observation adn interpretation
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What is the social learning process bu which behavior is observed and imitated?
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modeling
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What it the term refering to the expectancy that one's reinforcements are gernerally controled by internak or external factors?
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locus of control
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What are the tewo loci of control?
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internal (what is happening is my own doing)
external ( i have no control) |
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WHat is the belif that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome
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self-efficiency
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What is the view that personality emerges from a mutual interaction of individuals, their actions, and enviroment?
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reciprocal determinism
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What is the humanist appraoch to personality?
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focuses on the self, subjective experience abd the capacity for fulfillment
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What is a situation in which the acceptance and love one recieves from a significant other is unqualified?
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unconditional positive regard
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What is a situation in which the acceptance and love one recieves from a significant other is contingent upon one's behavior?
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conditional positive regard
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What is the notion that discrepencies between one's self-concept and "ideal" and "ought" selves have negative emotional consequences?
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self-discrepency theory
it can lead to mental-health affects such as guilt or sadness |
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What is Maslow's higherarchy of needs?
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survial
safety and security belongingness and love esteem-related needs (achievement, status, regognition) SELF ACTUALIZATION if all met |
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What is the need to fulfill one's unique potential
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self-actualization
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What are the 5 axes of the DSM -IV ?
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Axis I: Clinical Syndromes
This is what we typically think of as the diagnosis (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, social phobia) Axis II: Developmental Disorders and Personality Disorders (autism and mental retardation, disorders which are typically first evident in childhood Personality disorders are clinical syndromes which have a more long lasting symptoms and encompass the individual's way of interacting with the world. They include Paranoid, Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders. Axis III: Physical Conditions which play a role in the development, continuance, or exacerbation of Axis I and II Disorders Physical conditions such as brain injury or HIV/AIDS that can result in symptoms of mental illness are included here. Axis IV: Severity of Psychosocial Stressors Events in a persons life, such as death of a loved one, starting a new job, college, unemployment, and even marriage can impact the disorders listed in Axis I and II. These events are both listed and rated for this axis. Axis V: Highest Level of Functioning On the final axis, the clinician rates the person's level of functioning both at the present time and the highest level within the previous year. This helps the clinician understand how the above four axes are affecting the person and what type of changes could be expected. |
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What is comorbidity?
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the presence of more than one mental disorder occurring in an individual at the same time. On the DSM Axis I, Major Depressive Disorder is a very common comorbid disorder
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What are the anxiety disorders?
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phobic
panic generalized anxiety OCD stress (PTSD) |
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What are the components of behavioral therapy?
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rely on classical and operant conditioning
use systematic desensitization flooding aversive conditioning behavioral contracting token economies |
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What is the technique used to modify disordered thought feelings etc through the principles of learning?
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behavioral therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy
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What is a behavioral therapy technique in which the patient is saturated with a fear-provoking stimulus until the anxiety is extinguished?
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flooding
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WHat is the behavioral therapy technique used to treat phobias and other anxiety disorders by pairing gradual exposure to an anxiety-provoking situation with relaxation
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systematic desensitization
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What is the behavioral therapy technique for classically conditioning ppl to react with aversion to alcohol and other harmful substances?
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aversion technique
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What is a large scale behavioral change program in which the participants earn valuable tokens for engaging in desired target behaviors?
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token economy
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What are the major mood disorders?
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major depression (unipolar disorder)
bipolar SAD |
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How do you treat the mood disorders?
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drugs
psychotherapy |
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What is th eform of psychotehapy in which ppl are taught to think in more adaptive ways?
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cognitive theory
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What is the theory that how we attribute the events that occur in our lives has a significant effect on our attitudes and efforts in improving our lot.
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theory of learned helplessness
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What is Beck's gognitive therapy?
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A gentler more collaborative approch (that REBT) to helping ppl restructure the way they interpret events by mans of Socratic questioning (What is the evidence for this?)
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What is the form of cognitive therapy in which ppl are confronted with their irrational maladaptive beliefs
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rationl-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)
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What are the schizophrenic disorders?
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disorganized
catatonic paranoidundifferentiated residual |
