Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
|
psychology
|
|
|
use of systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusions
|
psychology as a science
|
|
|
the use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior, and to draw conclusions
|
science
|
|
|
everything we do that can be directly observed
|
behavior
|
|
|
the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly
|
mental processes
|
|
|
the processes of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence
|
critical thinking
|
|
|
challenging whether a supposed fact is really true
|
skepticism
|
|
|
information that is couched in scientific terminology but is not supported by sound scientific research
|
pseudoscience
|
|
|
one of the best ways to be objective
|
apply the empirical method to learn about the world
|
|
|
gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning
|
empirical method
|
|
|
waiting to see what evidence tells us rather than going with our hunches
|
objectivity
|
|
|
psychologists that specialize in studying and treating psychological disorders
|
clinical psychologists
|
|
|
a branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths
|
positive psychology
|
|
|
German philosopher-physician, founded the first psychology laboratory (w/co-workers) in 1879 at the University of Leipzig to measure the time lag between the instant a person heard a sound and the moment he or she pressed a telegraph key to signal having heard it
|
William Wundt (1832-1920)
|
|
|
wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes; so called because of its focus on identifying the structures of the human mind
|
structuralism
|
|
|
father of functionalism
|
william james
|
|
|
james's approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment
|
functionalism
|
|
|
what is the core question to functionalism?
|
why is human thought adaptive
|
|
|
an evolutionary process organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and importantly produce offspring
|
natural selection
|
|
|
an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system
|
biological approach
|
|
|
the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion
|
neuroscience
|
|
|
an approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants
|
behavioral approach
|
|
|
focuses on an organism's visible interactions with the environment. not thoughts or feelings
|
behaviorists
|
|
|
-empasized psychology should be about what people do (actions and behaviors) and should not concern itself with things that connot be seen (thoughts and feelings)
-behaviorist who kept his daughter in an enclosed Air-Crib to study her actions |
B. F. Skinner
|
|
|
B. F. Skinner believed that __ and __ determined our behavior
|
rewards and punishments
|
|
|
an approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences
|
psychodynamic approach
|
|
|
-founding father of psychodynamic approach
-theorized that early relationships with parents shape an individual's personality |
sigmund freud
|
|
|
therapeutic technique that involves an analyst's unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his/her childhood memories as wells as the individuals dreams, thoughts, and feeling
|
psychoanalysis
|
|
|
an approach to psychology emphasizing a persons positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny
|
humnaistic approach
|
|
|
unselfish concern for other peoples well-being
|
altruism
|
|
|
rogers and maslow were two __ psychologists
|
humanistic
|
|
|
an approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems
|
cognitive approach
|
|
|
the ways that the human mind interprets incoming information, weighs it, stores it, and applies it to decision making
|
information processing
|
|
|
view the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system
|
cognitive psychologists
|
|
|
an approach to psychology emphasizing evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors
|
evolutionary approach
|
|
|
believes their approach provides an umbrella that unifies the diverse fields of psychology
|
evolutionary psychologists
|
|
|
an approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior
|
sociocultural approach
|
|
|
the seven contemporary approaches to psychology
|
-biological
-behavioral -psychodynamic -humanistic -cognitive -evolutionary -sociocultural |
|
|
the scientific study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders
|
psychopathology
|
|
|
researchers interested in the physical processes that underlie mental operations such as vision and memory
|
physiological psychology and behavioral neuroscience
|
|
|
researchers who focus on the physical systems and psychological processes that allow us to experience the world
|
sensation and perception specialists
|
|
|
the intricate process by which behavior changes to adapt to changing circumstances
|
learning
|
|
|
the field of psychology that examines attention, consciousness, information processing, and memory
|
cognitive psychology
|
|
|
concerned with how people become who they are, from conception to death
|
developmental psychology
|
|
|
studies psychological, social, and cultural influences on women's development and behavior
|
women and gender psychologist
|
|
|
studies personality, consisting of the relatively enduring characteristics of individuals
|
personality psychology
|
|
|
deals with peoples interactions with one another, relationships, social perceptions, social cognitions, and attitudes
|
social psychology
|
|
|
the most widely practiced specialization in psychology
|
clinical and counseling psychology
|
|
|
a multidimensional approach to human health that emphasizes psychological factors, lifestyle, and the nature of the healthcare delivery system
|
health psychology
|
|
|
concentrates on improving the quality of relationships among individuals, their community, and society at large
|
community psychology
|
|
|
the five steps of the scientific method
|
1. observing some phenomenon
2. formulating hypotheses and predictions 3. testing through empirical research 4. drawing conclusions 5. evaluating the theory |
|
|
anything that can change
|
variable
|
|
|
a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations
|
theory
|
|
|
an educated guess that derives logically from a theory; a prediction that can be tested
|
hypothesis
|
|
|
a definition that provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study
|
operational definition
|
|
|
genuine smiling
|
duchenne smiling
|
|
|
all the information researchers collect in a study
|
data
|
|
|
a theory that says people are likely to be fulfilled when their lives meet three important needs: relatedness, autonomy, and competence.
|
self-determination theory
|
|
|
a conclusion must be able to be __
|
replicated
|
|
|
a method that allows researchers to combine the results of several different studies on a similar topic in order to establish the strength of effect
|
meta-analysis
|
|
|
research that determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon defining what it is, how often it occurs, and so on
|
descriptive research
|
|
|
research concerning establishing casual relationships between variables
|
experimental research
|
|
|
methods of descriptive research
|
-observation
-surveys -interviews -case studies |
|
|
presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic
|
survey
|
|
|
what is a shortcoming of surveys?
|
-can only measure what people think about themselves (bad for psychodynamic approach)
-people dont always know the truth themselves |
|
|
an in-depth look at a single individual
|
case study/case history
|
|
|
descriptive research allows researchers to get a sense of a subject of interest but it cannot answer questions about __
|
how and why things are teh way they are
|
|
|
research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together
|
correlational research
|
|
|
the degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a __
|
correlational coefficient (r)
|
|
|
the value of a correlation always falls between __ and __
|
-1.00 and +1.00
|
|
|
the number or magnitude of the correlation tells us about the __ of the relationship
|
strength
|
|
|
the sign (+ or -) tells us about the __ of the relationship
|
direction
|
|
|
the circumstance where a variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two other variables. (also known as confounds)
|
third variable problem
|
|
|
a special kind of systematic observatio, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time
|
longitudinal design
|
|
|
a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable
|
experiment
|
|
|
researchers assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiemtns results will be due to preexisting differences between groups
|
random assignment
|
|
|
a manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are.
|
independent variable
|
|
|
a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated
|
confederate
|
|
|
the outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable
|
dependent variable
|
|
|
independent variable=
|
cause
|
|
|
dependent variable=
|
effect
|
|
|
the participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study--that is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents
|
experimental group
|
|
|
the participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable
|
control group
|
|
|
the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment
|
validity
|
|
|
teh degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address
|
external validity
|
|
|
the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable
|
internal validity
|
|
|
occurs when the experimenter's expectations influence the outcome of the research
|
experimenter bias
|
|
|
any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave
|
demand characteristics
|
|
|
occurs when the behavior of research participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them
|
research participant bias
|
|
|
occurs when participants expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an outcome
|
placebo effect
|
|
|
in a drug study, a harmless substance that has no physiological effect, given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group except for the active agent
|
placebo
|
|
|
an experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated
|
double-blind experiment
|
|
|
the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions
|
population
|
|
|
the subset of population chosen by the investigator for study
|
sample
|
|
|
a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected
|
random sample
|
|
|
the observation of behavior in a real world setting
|
naturalistic observation
|
|
|
mathematical procedures that are used to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way
|
descriptive statistics
|
|
|
a single number that indicates the overall characteristics of a set of data (mean, median, mode)
|
measure of central tendancy
|
|
|
a measure of central tendency that is the average for a sample
|
mean
|
|
|
a measure of central tendency that is the middle score in a sample
|
median
|
|
|
a measure of central tendency that is the most common scare in a sample
|
mode
|
|
|
describe how much the score in a sample differ from one another
|
measures of dispersion
|
|
|
a measure of dispersion that is the difference between the highest and lowest score
|
range
|
|
|
a measure of dispersion that tells us how much scores in a sample differ from the mean of the sample
|
standard deviation
|
|
|
mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population
|
inferential statistics
|
|
|
the APA's guidelines for ethical research
|
1. informed consent
2. debriefing 3. deception |
|
|
using daily journaling for correlational research
|
experience sampling method (ESM)
|
|
|
a correlational research method that asks participants to complete a report each time they engage in a particular behavior
|
event-contigent responding
|
|
|
systematic biases (experimenter and research participant bias)
|
confounds
|
|
|
in psychological research the standard is that if the dds are 5 out of 100 (or .05) or less that the differences are due to chance, the results are considered __
|
statistically significant
|
