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461 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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permenant or stable change in behavior as the result of experience.
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Thorndike
Law of Effect |
-precurser of operant conditioning
-people do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn't. |
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Lewen
Theory of Association |
-forerunner of behaviorism
-grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space. |
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Pavlov
Classical Conditioning |
-teaching an org. to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing it with a non-neutral stimulus.
-salivating dog |
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Skinner
Operant Conditioning |
-instrumental conditioning
-influence through the use of reinforcement -skinner box |
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UCS
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Unconditioned Stimulus
-normally occuring |
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CS
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Conditioned to occur
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UCR
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Normally occuring response
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CR
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Conditioned to occur
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4 methods of Stimulus Presentation
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1. Stimulus Conditioning
2. High/Second Order 3. Forward Conditioning 4. Backward Conditioning |
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Stimulus Conditioning
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Presented together
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High/Second Order
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previous conditioned stimulus now acts as the UCS
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Shaping
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reinforcement for successive approximations
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Primary Reinforcement
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reinforcing on its own
ie. food or water |
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Secondary Reinforcement
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Learned reinforcement
ie, money |
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Negative Reinforcement
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reinforcement through the removal of something
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2 Differences between neg. reinforcement and punishment
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-NR encourages behavior, punishment discourages it.
-NR removes a negative even, punishment introduces it. |
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
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set number of responses
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Fixed interval Schedule
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set time
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Variable Ratio Sched.
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variable set of correct responses
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variable interval Schedule
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variable time of correct responses
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Heider, Osgood, Festing
Homeostasis Theories |
Balance,Conguity & Cog. Dissonance Theory
-people are motivated by a desire to be balance in their feelings and actions |
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Hull
Performance = Drive x Habitat |
First motivated by drive then by old successful habits.
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Tolman, Vroom
Expectancy Theory |
Performance = Exp. x Value
-people are motivated by goals they believe are attainable |
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Murray, McClellend
Need for Achievment Theory |
nAch
motivated by a need to achieve success |
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Miller
Approach-Avoidance Theory |
the further one is from a goal they focus on the pros. The closer they are they focus on the cons
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Hedonism
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Motivation to avoid pain and pursue pleasure
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Premack Principle
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people are motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves after completion
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Hebb
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medium amount of arousal is best for performance
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Yerkes-Dodson Effect
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Optimum arousal is never at the extremes. Inverted U shape
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Undergeneralization
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failure to generalize a stimulus
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Response Learning
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one learns what to do in response to a trigger
ie. Fire alarm |
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Aversive Conditioning
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Neg. reinforcement to control behavior
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Autoshaping
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experiment using an apparatus allowing animals to control its reinforcements through behavior.
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Albert Bandura
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Bobo Doll
Modelling |
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Garcia Effect
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Evolutionary Programming
animals are programed to make connections through evolution. ie, rat nausea |
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Hull-Spense Theory
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Discrimination Learning
can learn to respond differently to different stimuli |
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Language
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meaningful arrangement of sound
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Phonemes
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discreet sounds that make up words but have no meaning on their own.
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Morphemes
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made up of phonemes
smallest units of meaning ie, boy, or -ing |
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Syntax
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arrangement of words into sentences
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Grammer
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rules of the interrelationships b/w morphemes and syntax
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Prosody
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tone or inflection
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Chomsky
Transformational Grrammer |
Surface and Deep Structure
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Overregularization
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overapplication of grammar rules
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Overextension
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generalizing names
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Telegraphic Speech
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speech w/out articles or extras
"me go" |
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Holophastic Speech
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one word to convey who meaning
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Ben Whorf
Whorfian Hypothesis |
culture influences language
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Brown
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Children self-correct language with experience
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Nelson
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language begins with the onset of active speech
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Labov
Ebonics |
Black language
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Osgood
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studied symantics and created differential charts
-good............Bad- |
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3 Stages of Memory
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Sensory, Shortterm, Longterm
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Sensory Memory
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lasts only seconds
Iconic or echoic |
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Sperling
Iconic Memory |
-sensory memory for vision
-we see more then we remember |
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Echoic Memory
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-sensory memory for hearing
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Neisser
Icon |
lasts about 1 second
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Short-Term Memory
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-lasts seconds or minutes
-capacity for 7 +_2 -chunking items can increase capacity -largely auditory and items encoded phonologically -rehearsal will keep things in STM |
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Primary Rehearsal
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Maintenance rehearsal
-repeating material to hold in STM |
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Secondary Rehearsal
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elaborative rehearsal to transfer to LTM
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Allan Paivio
Dual-Code Hypothesis |
Items are better remembers if encoded visually and semantically.
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Craik and Lockhart
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learning and recall depend on depth of processing
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Paired Associate Learning
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behaviorist
one item learned with and then cues another |
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Elizabeth Loftus
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memory of traumatic events is altered by the way that questions about the event are asked.
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Karl Lashley
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memories stored diffusely in the brain.
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Donald Hebb
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memory involves synapse and neural pathway change making a memory tree.
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Brenda Milner
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Patient HM who was given a lesion in the hippocampus to treat epilepsy. Could not add anything to LTM
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Factors Helping Memory Retrieval
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acoustic dissimilarity
semantic dissimilarity brevity familiarity concreteness meaning subject importance |
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Savings
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how much info remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time.
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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material is more likely to be remembered if recalled in same context it was stored.
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Episodic Memory
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details, events
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Semantic Memory
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general knowledge
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Herman Ebbinghouse
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studied memory semantically -used lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
-Forgetting curve that drops sharply and then levels off in slight downward trend |
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Bartlett
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-memory is reconstructive.
-people are more likely to remember ideas or semantics rather then details or grammar. |
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Decay/Trace Theory
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Memories fade with time
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Interferance Theory
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competing info blocks retrieval
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Eidetic Memory
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Photographic Memory
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Ziegarnik Effect
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recollection is better for uncompleted tasks then completed ones.
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Cognitive Psyc.
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study of thinking, processing, and reasoning.
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Concept
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how one represents the relationship b/w two things
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Mental Set
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preconcieved notion of how to look at a problem
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Schema
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cognitive structure that includes ideas about events or objects and attributes that accompany them
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Script
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idea about the way events typically unfold
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Prototype
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representative or usual type of event or object
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Insight
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new perspective on an old problem
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Heuristic
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problem solving strategy that uses rule of thumb or shortcut based on what has worked previously
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Deductive Reasoning
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specific conclusion that must follow from the info given
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Inductive Reasoning
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general rules that are inferred from specifics
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Logical Reasoning Errors
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Atmosphere Effect
Semantic Effect Confirmation Bias |
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Atmosphere Effect
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conclusion is influenced by the way info is phrased
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Semantic Effect
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believing in conclusions b/c of what you know or thing to be true rather then what logically follows from the info given
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Confirmation Bias
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Remembering and using info that confirms what you already know.
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Reaction Time
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used in cognitive testing
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Stroop Effect
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decreased speed in naming the color of ink used to print words when the words themselves are different colors
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Bottom-Up Processing
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data driven
recognizing an item from data or details |
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Top Down Processing
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guided by larger concepts
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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Physical---Emotions
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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Physical II Emotional
(occur simultaneously) |
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Cognitive Theory of Emotion
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Schacter/Singer
physical--thoughts--emotion |
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Nativist Theory
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perception and cognition are largely innate
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Structuralist Theory
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Perception is the sum tolal of sensory input
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Gestalt Psychology
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People see the world as organized wholes
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Absolute Threshold
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minimum amount of stimuli that can be detected 50% of the tiime
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Weber
Differential Threshold |
just noticeable difference
minimum diff necessary for detection of a change in intensity |
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Terminal Threshold
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upper limit after which stimuli cannot be detected
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Intensity Perception Theories
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Weber's Law
Fechner's Law J.A. Swets Theory of Signal Detection |
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Weber's Law
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A stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction in order to be noticed as noticably different
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Fechner's Law
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the strength of a stimulus must be significantly increased to produced a slight difference in sensation
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J.A. Swet
Theory of Signal Detection |
sees motivation as a factor in signal detection
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Dichotic Presentation
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used in studies of selective attention
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Lorenz, Tinbergen & von Frisch
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Nobel prize winners in ethology
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Lorenz
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known for his work with imprinting, animal aggression, releasing stimuli and fixed action patterns
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Imprinting
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displayed by a following response
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Releasing Stimuli
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automatic, instinctual fixed action patterns
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4 Defining Characteristics of Fixed Action Patterns
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uniform patterns
perf. by maj.of the species complex can't be interupted |
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Tinbergen
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Stickleback Fish
Hering Gull Chicks |
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Frisch
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Studied honeybees
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Cannon
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coined fight or flight
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Genes
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basic unit of heredit
made up of DNA organized into chromosomes |
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Gamete
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sperm or ovum
haploid 23 single chromosomes |
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Zygote
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pertilized egg cell
diploid 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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Alleles
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possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic
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Characteristics of Innate or Instinctual Behaviors
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1.present in all normal members of a species
2.stereotypic 3.independent of learning and experience |
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanisims
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to prevent inbreeding
1. behavioral Isolation 2. Geographic Isolation 3. Mechanical Isolation 4. Seasonal Isolation |
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Sexual Dimorphism
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structural differences b/w the sexes
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Process of sensation
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Reception: sense receptors detect a stimulus
Sensory Transduction: change psysical sensation into an electrical message Electrical Transduction: follows neural pathways to the brain |
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Cornea
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protective coating on the outside of the eye
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Lens
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behind the cornea
Ciliary muscles allow it to bend to focus an image on the retina |
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Retina
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on the back of the eye
recieves light messages from the lens |
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Receptor Cells
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Rods and cones
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Ganglion Cells
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make up the optic nerves
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Vision Theories
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Opponent-color Theory
Tri-Color Theory |
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Wald Herring
Opponent Color Theory |
-2 types of color sensitive cells exist
-cones respond to red-green and blue-yellow -when one pair is stimulated the other is inhibited |
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Young + Helmholz
Tri-Color Theory |
suggests 3 types of receptors for blue, red, green
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Timbre
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complexity of sound waves
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Outer Ear
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pinna & auditory canal
-vibrations travel down the canal to the middle ear |
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Middle Ear
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tympanic membrane (eardrum)stretched across the auditory canal
-vibrations bump against the tympanic membrane causing ossicles to vibrate |
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Inner Ear
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-resp. for hearing and balance
-begins with the oval window which is tapped upon by the stapes. Vibrations then activate the fluid filled cochlea which contains the ear parts for hearing |
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Helmholz
Place-Resonance Theory |
diff. parts of the basilar membrane responsible for difference frequencies
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Gustation
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Taste: 4 Types:
sweet bitter sour salt |
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Cutaneous
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4 senses:
hot, cold, touch, pain |
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Orienting Reflex
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tendency to turn toward an object that has touched you
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Proprioception
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info from receptors tell us the positioning of our bodies
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Central Nervous System
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Brain
Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Pathway that runs to and from the CNS
(afferent-toward) (efferent-away) Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System |
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Somatic Nervous System
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controls voluntary movements of muscle
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Autonomic Nervous System
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controls involuntary muscles including:
digestion blood circ. breathing Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Controls arousal
temp control blood circ. pupil dilation threat/fear response |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Recouperation after arousal
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Spinal Cord
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inner core - gray matter (cell bodies and dendrites)
outer core- white matter (nerve fibres, axon bundles and myelin sheathing) |
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Brain
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extension of the spine
developed from base to front |
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Hind Brain
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Medula Oblongata
Cerebellum Pons Base of Reticular Formation |
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Mid Brain
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Upper Reticular Formation
Tectum Tegmentum |
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Forebrain
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Corticospinal Tract
Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic System Cerebral Hemisphere Cerebral Cortex |
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Medulla Oblongata
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controls:
breathing heartbeat bloodpressure |
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Cerebellum
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controls muscle coordination and posture
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Pons
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connects brain to spine
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Base of Reticular Formation
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controls:
alertness thirst sleep involuntary muscles like heart |
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Tectum
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vision and hearing
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Tegmentum
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sleep, arousal and eye movement
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Corticospinal Tract
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connection b/w spine and brain
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Thalamus
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channels sensory info into the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
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controls ANS motivations like hunger, thirst, and pituitary gland
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Limbic System
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Group of structures around the brain stem involved in emotional activity and pleasure centres
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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resp. for movement and higher functions
bimodal |
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Cerebral Cortex
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outer half inch of the C. Hemispheres.
Sensory and intellectual function |
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Pituitary Gland
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master gland of the endocrine or hormone system
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Limbic System
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Hippocampus
Amygdala Cigulate Gyrus |
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Hippocampus
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memory
encoding new info |
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Amygdala
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emotional reactions
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Cigulate Gyrus
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links areas dealing with emotion and decisions
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Corpus Collosum
RT Hem LT Hem |
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Left Hem
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speech and motor control
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Right Hem
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spatial perception & musical function
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Cerebral Cortex
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Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe |
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Frontal Lobe
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motor, speech, reasoning and problem solving
Broca's and Wernicke's area |
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Occipital Lobe
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vision
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Parietal Lobe
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somatosensory
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Temporal Lobe
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Hearing
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Ventricles
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chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid that insulate the brain from shock
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Superior Colliculus
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visual reflexes
bumps on the brainstem |
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Inferior Colliculus
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Auditory reflexes
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Basal Ganglia
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controls lg muscle movement
degeneration: Parks and Huntingtons |
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Apraxia
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inability to organize movement
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Agnosia
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difficulty processing sensory info
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Aphasia
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language disorder
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Alexia
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inability to read
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Agraphia
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inability to write
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Broca's Aphasia
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can understand speech but difficulty speaking
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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Can speak but doesn't understand how to correctly choose words
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Hyperphagia
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no feeling of satiation of hunger or thirst
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Parts of the neuron
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dendrites
cell body axon hillock myelin Sheath Schwann Cell Nodes of Ranvier Terminal Buttons Cell Membrane Synaptic Gap |
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Dendrites
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neural branch that recieves impulses-change throughout life
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Cell Body
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Soma
Largest portion Gray matter Nucleus that directs neural activity |
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Axon Hillock
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connection b/w the soma and axon
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Axon
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-transmits impulses of the neuron
-bundles of nerve fibres |
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Myelin Sheath
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allows faster conduction
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Steps of neural transmission
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1. Resting Potential
2. Presynaptic Cell Fires 3. Post Synaptic Reception 4. Post Synaptic Potential Stimulation 5. Action Potential Stimulation 6. Action Potential sent to terminal buttons 7. Absolute Refractory Period 8. Relative Refractory Period |
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Resting Potential
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Inactivated state.
Negatively charged |
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Presynaptic Cell fires
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and releases neurotransmitters from terminal buttons as a messenger to other neurons
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Post Synaptic Reception
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detect the presence of neurotransmitters and cause the ion channels to open.
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Post Synaptic Potential
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changes in neural cell's charge as the result of stimulation.
2 Forms: EPSP & IPSP |
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
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EPSP- positive charge allowed into the cell from the outside are in a process called depolarization
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
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IPSP-few positive charges in the cell body are let out. Cell becomes hyperpolarized and less likely to fire.
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Action Potential Stimulation
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causes cell to fire
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Action Potential to terminal Buttons
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meets the minimum threshold and fires
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All or None Law
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once a minimum threshold for stimulation is met the nerve impulse will be met and fires
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Absolute Refractory Period
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time after the neuron fires and cannot respond to stimulation
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Relative Refractory Period
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time after ARP when neuron can fire but needs strong stimulation
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine
Monoamines Neuromodulators |
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Acetylcholine
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contracts skeletal muscles
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Monoamines
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Indolemines (seretonin)
Catecholimines (dopamine) |
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Neuromodulators
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cause long term change in post synaptic cells
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Endocrine System
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Hormone System
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Major Hormones
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Androgens
Estrogen Follicle Prolactin Antidiuretic Thyroid Gland |
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Androgen
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determine if male
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Follicle
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stimulating hormone
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Electroencephalogram
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EEG
Measures brain wave patterns by introducing glucose solution to brain to view activity |
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Non-REM Sleep
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neural synchrony
fleeting thoughts muscle tension evening of heartrate and resp delta waves Growth hormones secreted |
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REM Sleep
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irregular heartrate, resp and blood flow
Rapid Eye Movement 20% of sleep time fast, freq. Low beta waves neural dysynchrony Dreams Paradoxical sleep |
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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-Conflict b/w drives is central to human nature
Libido & Ego Eros & Thanatos -3 Components of the Mind: Ego ID SuperEgo -Stage theory of Development: Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital |
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Ego
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mediates b/w environment and presures of ID and Superego
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ID
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Unconcscious biological drives and instincts
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Superego
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-imposes learned or socialized drives
-Moral and parental learning |
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Goal of Pychodynamic Therapy
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less unconcious pressures by becoming aware of the unconcious as much as possible
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Reaction Formation
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embracing feelings opposite to your true feelings
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Compensation
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excel in one area to make up for lacking in another
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Sublimation
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channeling energy to acceptable outlets
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Identification
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imitating a central figure
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Undoing
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performaing ritualistic tasks to relieve anxiety
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Adler
Individual Therapy |
-People are creative, social and whole
-in the process of "becomming" -quest for feelings of superiority |
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Goal of Adler's Individual Therapy
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reduce feelings of inferiority and foster social interest and contribution
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Adlers Personality Typology
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Ruling Dominant Type
Gettng-Learned Type Avoiding Type Socially Useful Type |
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Ruling Dominant Type
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Choleric
High activity Low social cont. dominant |
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Gettng-Learned Type
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Phlematic
Low Activity High social cont dependent |
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Avoiding Type
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Melancholic
Low activity low social cont. withdrawn |
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Socially Useful Type
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Sanguine
High activity High social cont. healthy |
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Jung
Analytical Theory |
-psyche directed toward life and awareness
-Personal and collective unconcious -Archetypes |
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Jung's Archetypes
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Persona-Mask
Shadow-dark Anima-male elements Animus-female elements Self-full potential |
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Goal of Jungian Therapy
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psychodynamic
to become more aware of unconcious by exploring through analysis, dreams and symbols |
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Rogers
Client-Centered Theory |
Person centered
humanistic -optimistic outlook on human nature -actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and toward their full potential |
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Goal of Rogers Client-Centered Theory
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-to help develop congruance between the real and ideal self
-therapist provides, empathy, unconditional positive regard and genuiness/congruance |
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Pavlov, Skinner, Wolpe
Behavior Theory |
-classical and Operant learning
-change maladaptive behavior through learning -Short term, directed -uses counter conditioning techniques to foster new responses |
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Types of Behavior Therapy
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Systematic Desensitization
Flooding Aversion Therapy Shaping Modelling Assertiveness Training Role Playing |
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Beck
Cognitive Theory |
-looks at concious thought patterns
-thoughts determine feelings and behavior -the way a person interprets experience is more important than the experience itself |
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Types of Maladaptive Cognitions
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Arbitrary Inference
Overgeneralization Magnifying/Minimizing Personalizing Dichotomous Thinking |
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Arbitrary Inference
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conclusion w/out evidence
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Overgeneralization
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taking isolated events as the norm
|
|
|
Ellis
Rational Emotive Therapy |
-Elements of cognitive, behavioral and emotion theory
-intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior |
|
|
Goal of Rational Emotive Therapy
|
When an activating event (A) occurs, a client attributes beliefs (B) and this leads to consequences (C)
Therapy is highly directive and leads client to dispute (D) irrational beliefs and create effective rational beliefs (E) |
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|
Perls, Wertheimer, Kaffka
Gestalt Theory |
-encourages people to stand apart from beliefs, biases and attitudes from the past
-goal is to fully experience the present |
|
|
Goal of Gestalt Therapy
|
-exploration of awareness
-fully experience the present |
|
|
Frankl, May
Existential Theory |
struggle is being vs. nonbeing and meaningfullness vs non-meaningfullness
|
|
|
Goal of Existential Therapy
|
Find meaning in life
|
|
|
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
|
Humanistic:
Self Actualization Esteem & Recognition Belonging, Love & Acceptance Safety, Security Physiological Needs |
|
|
DSM IV
|
-compiled by APA
-16 categories of mental disorder -begun in 1952 -intended for clinical, research and educational use |
|
|
Axis 1 of DSM IV
|
clinical Disorders
|
|
|
Axis 2 of DSM IV
|
Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
|
|
|
Axis 3 of DSM IV
|
General Med. Conditions
|
|
|
Axis 4 of DSM IV
|
Psychosocial and Environmental Disorders
|
|
|
Axis 5 of DSM IV
|
Global Assessment of Functioning
|
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|
American Psyc. Association
|
Founded in 1892 by Stanley Hall to advance psyc. as a science profession and promote human welfare
-American psychologist, first monthly journal -Psyc. Bulletin, bi-montly for lit reviews |
|
|
IQ
|
-developed by Binet
MA/CA x 100 |
|
|
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
|
-revised by Ternam of Stanford U.
-organized by age for children -best predictor of future academic achievement |
|
|
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
|
WAIS
-most common intelligence test -identify problem areas |
|
|
Horn & Cattell
|
Fluid (declines with age) vs. Crystalized Intelligence
|
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MMPI
|
created to determine mental illness now used as a personality measure
|
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Julian Rotter
|
Internal/External Locus of Control
|
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|
Emperical/Criterion Keying
|
selection of items that can discrimminate b/w groups
|
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|
Characteristics of Scientific Approach
|
1. testable hypothesis
2. reproducable experiment 3. observable and measurable definition of the construct |
|
|
Research Problems
|
Acquiescence
Cohort Effects Demand Characteristics Experimentor Bias Hawthorn Effect Nonequivalent control group Placebo Effects Reactance Selective Attrition Social Desirability Bias Illusory Correlation MetaAnalysis |
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|
Reactance
|
change in attitude in response to feeling that options are limited
|
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|
Illusory Correlation
|
relations inferred where none exist
|
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Acquiescence
|
agree with opposing statements
|
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|
Demand Characteristics
|
participants act in ways they think the experimentor wants or expects
|
|
|
5 Forms of Descriptive Statistics
|
Percentiles
Frequency Distribution Graphs Central Tendency Variability |
|
|
4 Types of Freq. Distributions
|
Nominal
Ordinal Interval Ratio |
|
|
Normal Distribution
|
-Bell Curve
-Unimodal and relies on z scores or # of standard deviations from the mean -68% fall w/n one st. Dev -95% fall w/n two |
|
|
Z-Score Calculation
|
(score- mean)/ st.Dev
|
|
|
Zero Correlation
|
No relationship
|
|
|
Statistical Regression
|
beyond correlation to make predictions about one variable based on another
|
|
|
Inferential Statistics
|
allows generalization from a sample(stats) to a population(parameters)
|
|
|
Significant Result
|
numbers that describe the sample are showing a real difference or pattern rather then random variation
|
|
|
Test of Significance
|
Reject or Accept the Null Hypothesis
|
|
|
Reject the Null Hyp.
|
no real difference exists
|
|
|
Accept the Null Hyp
|
Found a significant difference
|
|
|
Type 1 Errors
|
Alpha
-incorrectly reject the null -said significant but weren't |
|
|
Type 2 Errors
|
Beta
-incorrectly accept the null -said not significant but they were |
|
|
T-Test
|
-compare the means of two groups to find a difference
-useful for small samples -continuous data |
|
|
Chi-Square Test
|
-used when n-cases are grouped into categories
-tells if groups are sig. different in size -look at patterns or distributions -assess goodness of fit |
|
|
ANOVA
|
-Analysis of Variance
-Highly used, flexible -look at more then 2 groups -One Way and Two Way |
|
|
Factorial Analysis of Variance
|
-more then one ind. variable
-separate effects of different levels of diff. variables -can isolate main and interaction effects |
|
|
Analysis of Covariance
|
Tests whether at least 2 groups co-vary and can adjust for pre-existing differences b/w groups
|
|
|
Linear Regression
|
use correlation coifficients in order to predict one variable Y from another x
|
|
|
Characteristics of Measures
|
1. standardized
2. criterion referenced 3. Domain referenced 4. Reliable 5. Valid |
|
|
Internal Validity
|
extent items test the same thing
|
|
|
External Validity
|
extent test measures what it is supposed to
|
|
|
Types of External Validity
|
Concurrent
Construct Content Face |
|
|
Concurrent Validity
|
Cross validation from previously validated tests
|
|
|
Construct Validity
|
Test taps the construct being measured
|
|
|
Content Validity
|
Test covers a good sample of the construct
|
|
|
Face Validity
|
do the test items look like the measure the construct
|
|
|
Disorders diagnosed in childhood/adolescence
|
mental retardation
learning disorders developmental disorders ADD/ADHD Tourrettes Elimination Disorders |
|
|
Mental Retardation
|
>70
|
|
|
Mild Retardation
|
55-70
|
|
|
Moderate Retardation
|
40-55
|
|
|
Severe Retardation
|
25-40
|
|
|
Profound Retardation
|
<25
|
|
|
Developmental Disorders
|
severe problems with social, communication and interest skills
|
|
|
Delirium
|
disturbed conciousness and cognition
|
|
|
Dementia
|
memory, spatial,language problems that result from a medical condition
ie, alzheimers, Parks, Hunt |
|
|
Alzheimers/Parkinsons
|
tremors and declined neurological functioning
|
|
|
Huntington's
|
genetically inherited progressive degeneration of thought, emotion and movement
|
|
|
Pick's Disease
|
disease of the frontal and temporal lobe causing change in personality
|
|
|
Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders
|
Schizoprenia
Schizoaffective Disorder Delusional Disorder Shared Psychotic Disorder |
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
-split mind
-positive and negative symptoms -Neologisms (made up words) -Process and Reactive -Caused by genetic inheritance and excessive dopamine -Onset is late teens to mid 30's |
|
|
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
|
delusions, perceptual hallucinations, nonsensical or disorganized speech
|
|
|
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
|
flat affect, restrictions in thought, speech or behavior
|
|
|
Types of Schizophrenia
|
Paranoid
Catatonic Disorganized Undifferentiated Residual |
|
|
Paranoid Schizophrenia
|
preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations
|
|
|
Disorganized Schizophrenia
|
disorganized speech, thought, behavior
|
|
|
Catatonic Schizophrenia
|
psychomotor disturbance such as catalepsy, excessive motor activity, prominant posturing, echolia (parroting) or echopraxia (imitating gestures of others)
|
|
|
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
|
mixture of symptoms
|
|
|
Residual Schizophrenia
|
watered down symptoms
|
|
|
Schizoaffective Disorder
|
Schizophrenic symptoms with depression
|
|
|
Delusional Disorder
|
erotomaniac, grandiosity, jealousy, persecutory and somatic
|
|
|
Mood Disorders
|
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder Dysthymic Disorder |
|
|
Somatoform Disorders
|
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriosis |
|
|
Identity Disorder
|
MPD
|
|
|
Sleep Disorders
|
Dyssomnia-sleep abnormality
Parasomnia-abnormal behavior during sleep |
|
|
Personality Disorders
|
rigid, pervasive, culturally abnormal personality structures:
Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcisstic Avoidant Dependant Obsessive Compuslive |
|
|
Paranoid Personality Disorder
|
distrust, suspician
|
|
|
Schizoid Personality Disorder
|
detachment, little emotion
|
|
|
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
|
eccentricity, distorted reality
|
|
|
Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
absense of guilt, disregard for others
|
|
|
Borderline Personality Disorder
|
unstable relations, emotions and impulsivity
|
|
|
Histrionic Personality Disorder
|
excess emotion, attention seeking behavior
|
|
|
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
|
need for admiration, idea of superiority
|
|
|
Avoidant Personality Disorder
|
social inhabitions, hypersensitive, inadequacy
|
|
|
Dependent Personality Disorder
|
need to be taken care of, clinging
|
|
|
Obssessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
|
excessive orderliness and control, perfectionism
|
|
|
Dopamine
|
-major component of various disorders
-too much-schizophrenia -too little-depression, Parks -amphetamines increase dopamine -Neuroleptics decrease dopamine reception |
|
|
Cretinism
|
mental retardation caused by iodine def.
|
|
|
Tardive Dyskinesia
|
caused by long-term use of neuroleptics
|
|
|
korsakoff's Syndrome
|
-result of heavy drinking and vit B deficiency
-loss of memory and orientation |
|
|
Wernicke's Syndrome
|
-result of heavy drinking
-thiamine deficiency -memory and eye dysfunction |
|
|
Phenylketonuria
|
excess amino acids
|
|
|
Klinefelter's Syndrome
|
a male with one Y and two X chromosomes
|
|
|
Germinal Stage of Development
|
-first two weeks
-zygot moves down fallopian tube and grows into 64 cells -implants into the wall of the uterus |
|
|
Embrionic Stage of Developement
|
-lasts until the end of 2nd month
-genital and organ formation |
|
|
Fetal Stage of Developement
|
-3rd month until birth
-growth and movement |
|
|
Neonate
|
Newborn
behavior is reflexive |
|
|
Newborn Reflexes
|
headturning
Moro Babinski Palmer |
|
|
Headturning Reflex
|
elicited by stroking cheek
|
|
|
Moro Reflex
|
throwing out arms and legs due to startle
|
|
|
Babinski Reflex
|
fanning of toes due to touch bottom of feet
|
|
|
Piaget
Cognitive Development Model |
-experience and interaction b/w internal maturation and external experience create qualitative change
-adaptation occurs through assimilation and accomodation |
|
|
Assimilation
|
fitting new ideas into existing ones
|
|
|
Accomodation
|
modifying existing ideas to accomodate new ones
|
|
|
Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages
|
Sensorimotor
Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational |
|
|
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
|
0-2
-reflexive behavior -circular reactions to manipulate environment -dev't of object permenance -use of putting words to objects |
|
|
Piaget's Preoperational Stage
|
2-7
-egocentric understanding -words as symbols for things -unable to perform mental operations such as causality or quantity |
|
|
Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage
|
7-12
-understanding concrete relationships -simple math and quantity -conservatism |
|
|
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
|
12+yrs
-unstands abstract relationships such as logic, ratios and values |
|
|
Piaget's Moral Development Theory
|
1. Follows rules without questions
2. Understands rules and follows them 3. abstract thinking about rules |
|
|
Kohlberg's Moral Dev't Theory
|
Preconventional/Premoral: if I steal I get in trouble
Conventional/Moral: stealing is unlawful Post Conventional/Self-Accepted Morality: uses justice principles |
|
|
Erikson's Life Span Dev't Theory
|
Each stage has a psychosocial conflict to resolve
|
|
|
Trust vs Mistrust
|
13-18mths
Resolution: Trust |
|
|
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
|
18mths-3 yrs
Resolution: Independence |
|
|
Initiative Vs. Guilt
|
3-6
Resolution:Purpose |
|
|
Erikson's
Industry vs. Inferiority |
6-puberty
Resolution:Competency |
|
|
Erikson's
Identity vs. Role Confusion |
Teens
Resolution: Sense of Self |
|
|
Erikson's
Intimacy vs. Isolation |
Young Adult
Resolution:Love |
|
|
Erikson's
Productivity vs. Stagnation |
Middle Age
Resolution:Productivity and Caring |
|
|
Erikson's
Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
Old Age
Resolution:Wisdome and integrity |
|
|
John Bowlby
|
Attachment Theorist
-infants attach for neg and pos reasons such as closeness and fear -evolutionary survival strategy for protecting young from danger |
|
|
John Bowlby's 3 Attachment Styles
|
secure
anxious-avoidant disorganized |
|
|
Mary Ainsworth
|
Attachment Theory thru use of Strange Situation
Securly attached Ambivalent Avoidant |
|
|
Diana Baumrind
|
Parenting Styles and Personality
-Authoritarian Parents have withdrawn and unhappy kids -Permissive Parents have happy kids who lack self-control -Authoritative Parents have healthy high functioning kids |
|
|
Vygotsky's Theory of Attachment
|
Cognitive Mediation Theory
-learning causes dev't -social process where family, friends and teachers provide scaffolding on which child masters new skills |
|
|
Encoding-Specificity Theory
|
memory theory that sees encoding and activating memories like an on/off switch
|
|
|
Walter Mischel
|
Personality Theorist
emphasized the cognitive processes underlying social behavior |
|
|
Type Thoery of Personality
|
often based on physical appearance
phrenology and somatotypes |
|
|
William Sheldon
|
Somatotype Theory:
Endomorph-pleasure seeking, socialite Ectomorph-energetic, aggressive Mesomorph-inhibited, intellectual |
|
|
Trait Theory
|
-ideographic(personalized)
-concerned with concious motives |
|
|
Gordon Allport
|
Trait Theorist
-used lexical approach -5000 traits -people act differently in different situations -trait hierarchy (cardinal, central, secondary) |
|
|
State vs Trait
|
State: temp feelings or characteristics
Trait: enduring characteristics |
|
|
Taxonomies
|
organized categorization systems
|
|
|
Raymond Cattell
|
Trait Theorist
-took 5000 to 16 bipolar traits |
|
|
Mischel's Big Five Personality Traits
|
O-Openess
C-Conscientiousness E-Extroversion A-Agreeableness N-Neurotism, nervousness |
|
|
Origin Theories of Personality Dev't
|
Dispositionist
Situationist Interactionist Cognitive Prototype Approach |
|
|
Cognitive Prototype Approach to Personality
|
-cog. behavior is examined in social situations
-constancy is the result of cog. processes not traits |
|
|
Friedman & Rosenman
|
Type A Personality
drive, competition, tension, aggression |
|
|
Dahl Strom
|
linked type A personality with heart disease
|
|
|
Phenomenological View
|
focus on individual unique self and experiences
|
|
|
Burnum Effect of Personality
|
tendency to agree with and accept personality interpretations that are provided
|
|
|
Norman Triplett
|
First official social psyc. experiment
used cyclists |
|
|
Kurt Lewin
|
Founder of Social Psyc.
Gestalt ideas to social behavior |
|
|
Fritz Heider
|
Attribution Theory:How one infers the causes of other's behavior
Balance Theory:how people make their feelings and or actions consistant to preserve psyc. homeostasis |
|
|
Fundamental Attribution Error
|
Tendancy to think tht the actions of others result from internal disposition rather than situation
|
|
|
Actor-Observer Attributional Divergence
|
tendency for the person who is doing the behavior to have a different perspective on the situation then the person watching
|
|
|
Self-Serving Bias
|
interpreting one's own actions and motives as positive and blaming failures on external factors
|
|
|
Illusory Correlation
|
assuming two unrelated things have a relationship
|
|
|
False Consensus Bias
|
assuming most other people think as you do
|
|
|
Base Rate Fallacy
|
overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with
|
|
|
Oversimplification
|
making simple explanations for complex behavior
|
|
|
Representative Heuristic
|
shortcut about typical assumptions to guess at an answer rathat then relying on actual logic
|
|
|
Richard Nisbett
|
showed we lack awareness about why we do what we do
|
|
|
Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
|
it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions
|
|
|
Overjustification Effect
|
tendency to assume that we must not want to do something that we aren't compensated to do
|
|
|
Gain-Loss Theory
|
People act in order to gain and avoid loss
|
|
|
Social Exchange Theory
|
people act in ways that maximise rewards and minimize loss
|
|
|
Role
|
set of behavior norms that seem suitable for a particular person
|
|
|
Morton Deutch
|
Prisoner's Dilemna
Trucking Co. Competition vs. cooperation |
|
|
Factors that influence conformity
|
-Majority opinion
-unanimous opinion -high status -public situation -ind. not committed to other position -ind. has low self-esteem -high on authoritarianism scale |
|
|
Reactance
|
refusal to conform under blatant control
|
|
|
Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo
|
Conformity
|
|
|
Factors in Change of Opinion
|
-speaker is expert
-similar to listener -acceptable to the listener -overheard -anecdotal -debate |
|
|
Elaboration Liklihood Model
|
Petty & Cacioppo
Model of Persuasion -people who are very involved in an issue listen to the stength of the argument rather then superficial factors |
|
|
McGuires Innoculation Theory
|
beliefs are vulnerable if they have never been challenged
|
|
|
Group Polarization
|
Stoner
-group discussion generally serves to strengthen the already dominant point of view |
|
|
Kenneth & Mamie Clark
|
Doll Preference of black children. They thought the white dolls were better.
|
|
|
Attraction Factors
|
1. physical proximity
2. attractive 3. similar attitude 4. like us back |
|
|
Peter Principle
|
people are promoted at work until they reach a state of incompentence. There they will stay
|
|
|
Attitude
|
a positive, negative, or neutral evaluation of a person, issue or object
|
|
|
Elaine Hatfeild
|
Companionate/Passionate Love
|
|
|
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
|
Intimacy
Passion Committment -All relationships are a combination of these 1. Liking-true friendship 2. Infatuated Love-love at first sight 3. Empty Love-passionless 4. Romantic Love-bonded emotionally 5. Companionate Love-deep affection & committment 6. Fatuous Love-passion w/out intimacy 7. Consummate Love-Complete |
|
|
Paul Ekman
|
6 Basic Emotions:
sadness happiness fear anger surprise disgust |
|
|
Socrates
|
abstract ideas of truth, beauty and justice
|
|
|
Plato
|
there is more then the physical world-abstract, unsystematic
|
|
|
Aristotle
|
studies based on order and logic-Truth found in the physical world
|
|
|
Descartes
|
I think, therefore I am
-truth through reason and deduction -mind/body dualism |
|
|
John Locke
|
tabula rasa
what we know and what we are comes from experience |
|
|
Thomas Hobbs
|
humans and animals are machines-sense/perception is all that can be known
|
|
|
Enlightenment
|
understanding the mind was the most important question of the time
|
|
|
Anton Mesmer
|
said healing of ailments came from the manipulation of people's bodily fluids
|
|
|
Franz Gall
|
Phrenology
|
|
|
Francis Galton
|
first to use stats
correlation coifficient Heredity genius Eugenics-selective human breeding to improve the species |
|
|
Gustuv Fechner
|
Founder of Experimental Psyc
First experiments with mathmatical conclusions |
|
|
Johannes Muller
|
Wrote Elements of Physiology
postulated existance of specific nerve endings |
|
|
Wilhelm Wundt
|
founder of Psychology
first official lab first psyc journal Wrote "physiological psy" |
|
|
Herbert Spencer
|
Wrote "Principles of Psy"
father of Adaptation Psyc -asserted difference species or races were elevated b/c of the greater number of associations their brains could make |
|
|
William James
|
Father of Experimental Psyc.
|
|
|
Hermann von Helmholz
|
studied sensation
hearing and color vision |
|
|
Stanley Hall
|
Student of James
-recieved first US PhD in psyc from Harvard. -coined "adolescence" -founded APA |
|
|
John Dewey
|
Most influential US philosopher
-reflex arc -said animals constantly adapt to environment rather then processing isolated stimuli -Foundation of Functionalism |
|
|
Functionalism
|
examines the adaptive nature of the mind and body through observational methods
|
|
|
Edward Titchner
|
Founder of Structuralism
-used introspection to objectively describe the discreet sensations and contents of thier minds |
|
|
Structuralism
|
focus on the analysis of human conciousness
|
|
|
James Cattell
|
-studied with Hall
-thought psyc should be more scientific |
|
|
John B. Watson
|
Founded Behaviorism
-studied conditioning, stimulus-response chains, and objective, observable behaviors "give me three healthy babies..." |
|
|
Excitation Transfer Theory
|
-love at first sight
-nervous system arousal leads to sexual attraction |
|
|
Altman & Taylor
Social Penetration Theory |
as relationships develop, communication moves from shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper more personal ones
|
|
|
Spreading Activation
|
extension of priming
|
|
|
Continued absense of Time cues on the body
|
biological clock stops running
|
|
|
Memory Tests for non-humans
|
radical maze
non-matching to sample |
|
|
George Kelly's View of Personality
|
People construe the world and act accordingly
|
|
|
F-Ratio (statistics)
|
scale for variance estimates
|
|
|
Parallel Distributed Process
|
PDP
mental representations of events are distributed across many noes in the network. |
|
|
Hans Seyle
|
stress response chain:
alarm- resistance- exhaustion |
